Current biology : CB
April 12, 2021
Karen R Konkoly, Kristoffer Appel, Emma Chabani et al.
126 citations
People who are asleep and having a lucid dream—aware that they are dreaming—can perceive questions from an experimenter and answer them in real time using eye movements and facial muscle contractions. In a study of 36 individuals during REM sleep, including frequent lucid dreamers, a novice, and a patient with narcolepsy, participants performed perceptual analysis of new information, held information in working memory, computed simple answers, and gave volitional replies. Correct answers occurred on 29 occasions across 6 individuals, documented by four independent laboratories. This two-way communication channel allows real-time interrogation of dream cognition and characteristics.
Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society
January 1, 2022
Remington Mallett, Laura Sowin, Rachel Raider et al.
22 citations
Lucid dreams can end nightmares and prevent their recurrence, but they can also induce harrowing dysphoric dreams. The realization of dreaming (lucidity) and dreams with high control were both associated with positive experiences. Negative outcomes primarily result from failed induction attempts or lucid dreams with low dream control; successfully inducing high-control lucid dreams poses low risk for negative outcomes. A process model describes the progression from lucid dream induction to waking benefit, identifying potential areas of concern. The findings provide new insights into possible negative repercussions and how to avoid them in future applications.
May 16, 2023
William Wong, Kátia C. Andrade, Thomas Andrillon et al.
21 citations
preprint
A new open-access database, DREAM, combines sleep magneto/electroencephalography (M/EEG) recordings with standardized dream reports to enable large-scale neurocognitive research on dreaming. The initial release includes 20 datasets from 561 participants and 2649 awakenings, each with at least 20 seconds of high-frequency M/EEG data and a classification of the subject's experience. Analyses demonstrate that features extracted from EEG can predict whether a person reports having had a conscious experience during both REM and NREM sleep. The database aims to overcome the limitations of small sample sizes and methodological variability in dream research, allowing new questions to be addressed at a scale unattainable by individual labs.
Nature Communications
August 13, 2025
William Wong, Rubén Herzog, Kátia Cristine Andrade et al.
10 citations
A new open database, the DREAM database, combines standardized sleep magneto/electroencephalography (M/EEG) recordings with dream reports from 505 participants across 20 datasets, totaling 2,643 awakenings. Each awakening includes at least 20 seconds of high-resolution sleep EEG (≥100 Hz, ≥2 electrodes) and a classification of the sleeper's reported experience. Analyses showed that reports of conscious experiences during sleep can be predicted from objective EEG features in both REM and NREM sleep. The database aims to overcome limitations of small sample sizes and methodological variability in dream research, enabling larger-scale investigations of the neurocognitive basis of dreaming.
Journal of Sleep Research
June 1, 2025
Jennifer M Mundt, Kristi E. Pruiksma, Karen R Konkoly et al.
7 citations
A small trial tested cognitive behavioral therapy for nightmares (CBT-N), adapted for people with narcolepsy, with or without targeted lucidity reactivation (TLR) to enhance lucid dreaming. Six adults who had frequent nightmares (at least 3 per week) received seven treatment sessions. Nightmare frequency dropped from an average of 8.38 per week to 2.25 per week, a large improvement. Nightmare severity and symptoms such as sleep paralysis, hallucinations, and dream enactment also improved. The three participants who received TLR all recalled dreams related to their rescripted nightmare. Participants reported reduced shame and anxiety about sleep and nightmares. The findings offer preliminary evidence that CBT-N and TLR may help manage narcolepsy-related nightmares.
Consciousness and Cognition
October 1, 2024
Karen R Konkoly, Nathan W Whitmore, Remington Mallett et al.
4 citations
A smartphone-based procedure called Targeted Lucidity Reactivation (TLR) can increase lucid dreaming without requiring laboratory equipment. In two experiments, participants reported more lucid dreams when they received sounds during REM sleep that they had heard during pre-sleep training, compared to a prior week without TLR or to blinded control procedures on alternate nights. The findings indicate that the sounds strengthen a link formed during training between the cues and a mindset of carefully analyzing one's current experience, which carries into dreams and boosts lucidity.
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
September 30, 2025
Karen R Konkoly, Saba Al-Youssef, Christopher Y Mazurek et al.
3 citations
Alpha oscillations, a hallmark of waking visual perception when eyes close, do not reliably increase during lucid dreams when dreamers signal that their dream-eyes are closed. In 150 signals from 11 lucid dreamers, dream-eye closure was associated with fading visual content only about half the time. In three participants where visual content presence versus absence could be compared, increased alpha power accompanied momentary lack of visual content. Real-time reporting via sniffing patterns enables dynamic investigation of dream perception.
Neuroscience of Consciousness
January 1, 2025
Daniel J Morris, D Blaise Elliott, S Gabriela Torres-Platas et al.
3 citations
Combining virtual reality (VR) with lucid dreaming—awareness during a dream—can produce immersive experiences that may deepen effects from VR alone. In a small pilot study, four frequent lucid dreamers experienced a VR simulation called Ripple, which prior research found reduces self-other boundaries and enhances feelings of interconnectedness. After two VR sessions, sounds from Ripple were played during REM sleep. Three participants had lucid dreams about Ripple, and all four reported dream elements from the VR experience. Real-time physiological signals confirmed lucidity and dreaming about the VR content. The findings suggest that lucid dreaming can recapitulate and potentially amplify the psychological impact of prior VR experiences.
March 14, 2023
Remington Mallett, Yasmeen Nahas, Kalina Christoff et al.
2 citations
preprint
The flow of thought is persistent and sometimes unpredictable, and understanding what influences how thoughts shift from moment to moment has implications for disorders like schizophrenia and recurrent nightmares. This study examined whether cognitive control limits moment-to-moment content shifts across sleep and wakefulness. Thought variability was measured as semantic incoherence between sequential thought phrases in dreaming and waking reports. During wakefulness, on-task conditions showed reduced thought variability compared to off-task conditions, and thought variability was greater when thoughts wandered freely. During sleep, lucid dreams, which involve higher cognitive control, showed reduced thought variability compared to non-lucid dreams. These results suggest that cognitive control may limit thought variability across the 24-hour cycle of thought generation, consistent with the Dynamic Framework of Thought.
Brain Sciences
March 16, 2026
Daniel J Morris, Susana Gabriela Torres-Platas, Karen R Konkoly et al.
1 citation
Lucid dreaming—dreaming while aware that one is dreaming—can be intentionally shaped by combining Tibetan-Buddhist visualization practices with modern dream-engineering techniques. In an exploratory sleep-laboratory study, five participants spent seven overnight sessions with polysomnographic monitoring and auditory reminders to visualize Chenrezig, a Buddhist embodiment of compassion, during REM sleep. Two participants reported lucid dreams: a frequent lucid dreamer without prior Tibetan-Buddhist training experienced a lucid dream that included a visualization of Chenrezig after auditory cueing, and a monastic participant with no prior lucid dreaming history reported their first-ever lucid dream the night after their session. The findings suggest that dream content can be deliberately influenced through this integrated approach.
June 20, 2025
Daniel J Morris, Blaise Elliott, Susana G. Torres‐platas et al.
preprint
Combining virtual reality (VR) with lucid dreaming—where a person knows they are dreaming—can create more profound experiences than VR alone. In this study, four frequent lucid dreamers experienced a VR simulation called Ripple, which previously reduced self-other boundaries and enhanced feelings of interconnectedness. Afterward, during REM sleep, sounds from Ripple were played quietly. Three participants had lucid dreams about Ripple, and all four reported dreams containing elements of the VR experience. Lucid dreams were validated in real time via physiological signals. The findings confirm that people can have lucid dreams that recapitulate prior VR experiences, suggesting a synergistic benefit for immersive exploration.
Neuroscience of Consciousness
January 1, 2026
Karen R Konkoly, Daniel J Morris, Kaitlyn Hurka et al.
REM-sleep dreaming can be experimentally guided toward specific unsolved problems and improve next-day creative problem-solving. Lucid dreamers who heard soundtracks of unsolved puzzles during REM sleep reported more dreams about those puzzles. In a post-hoc analysis, participants whose dreams were successfully biased by the sound cues solved more of the associated puzzles after waking. The study provides experimental evidence that REM dreams themselves, not just sleep-related memory reactivation, contribute to creative insight, addressing a long-standing gap in dream research that had relied on anecdotal or confounded evidence.
Neuropsychologia
October 10, 2025
Karen R Konkoly, Daniel J Morris, Matthew Cho et al.
Dreams may help reorganize memories overnight, improving what we learn each day, but solid evidence linking dreaming to adaptive memory reorganization has been lacking. Using Targeted Memory Reactivation (TMR), where sensory stimulation during sleep influences previously acquired memories, researchers cued specific tasks during REM sleep. Participants performed two tasks associated with distinct sounds before sleep; one sound was played during REM. Dream reports showed more incorporation of elements from the cued task than the uncued task, though both were frequently incorporated. Dreaming of a task was linked with decreased negative valence and increased creativity. This approach offers a promising way to investigate dreaming's influence on memory and cognition.
Trends in Cognitive Sciences
December 1, 2024
Remington Mallett, Karen R Konkoly, Tore Nielsen et al.
A review of recent interdisciplinary advances that overcome historical methodological barriers in dream research. Three frameworks are described: observable dreaming, using neural decoding and real-time reporting to measure dream content more directly; dream engineering, using targeted stimulation and lucidity to experimentally manipulate dream content; and computational dream analysis, generating and exploring large dream-report databases to identify patterns. These innovations enable systematic observation, engineering, and analysis of dreams, heralding a new era in dream science.
Sleep
April 12, 2023
Claudia Picard-Deland, Karen R Konkoly, Rachel Raider et al.
Dreams incorporate memories from waking life, but this incorporation varies across the night. Twenty healthy adults were awakened repeatedly during early, middle, and late sleep stages (N1, N2, N3, REM) to collect dream reports. Recent memories appeared more often in N1 and REM dreams than in other stages. Distant memories from over a week ago, semantic memories, and anticipated future events remained stable across sleep stages. However, across the night, the balance shifted: late-night dreams in all stages contained fewer recent and more remote memories than earlier dreams. Dreams also repeated similar themes across the night. These results suggest that dream content may reflect sleep-dependent memory consolidation processes.