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Gerhard Gründer

25 papers in the library · 497 citations · publishing 2008-2026

Papers

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How high ventilation breathwork alters consciousness: Hypoperfusion, network dynamics, and subjective experience.

Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry August 1, 2026 Christian N Schmitz, Marijan Bernardic, Anamaria-Domnica Vlădoiu et al.

High ventilation breathwork (HVB) is increasingly used in psychotherapeutic and contemplative contexts to induce altered states of consciousness (ASC), yet its neurobiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. Thirty experienced HVB practitioners (mean age 44.97 ± 11.80 years) underwent perfusion and resting-state fMRI to assess acute cerebrovascular and post-acute network changes. Cerebral...

Kynurenine pathway profiles as markers of ketamine response in treatment-resistant depression.

Brain, behavior, and immunity July 5, 2026 Bruno Pedraz-Petrozzi, Marta Marszalek-Grabska, Emilia Fornal et al.

Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) remains a major clinical challenge, with highly variable responses to ketamine. Immune activation characterizes a subset of patients with TRD. The kynurenine pathway (KP), which integrates immunometabolic signals with glutamatergic neurotransmission, may provide candidate biomarkers to inform personalized treatment. We investigated whether KP metabolites and...

Long-Term Efficacy of Psilocybin with Adjunct Psychotherapy in Treatment-Resistant Major Depression (EPIsoDE): 6- and 12-Month Naturalistic Follow-Up of a Phase 2b Trial.

Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics May 27, 2026 Lea J. Mertens, Felix Betzler, Manuela Brand et al.

Psilocybin shows promise for treatment-resistant depression (TRD), but long-term data are limited. This study examined the antidepressant effect of one or two psilocybin doses with adjunct psychotherapy in TRD until twelve months. This is a naturalistic follow-up of a phase 2b, randomized, active placebo-controlled trial, where participants were randomized to receive two drug administrations...

Efficacy and Safety of Psilocybin in Treatment-Resistant Major Depression

JAMA Psychiatry March 18, 2026 Lea J. Mertens, Michael Koslowski, Felix Betzler et al. 9 citations

Importance: Psilocybin shows promise in treating depression, although limitations of previous research warrant further research. Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of oral psilocybin, 25 mg, with adjunct psychotherapy in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a 2-center, triple-blinded (investigator, participant, rater), phase 2b, active...

Common factors in altered states: Understanding psychedelic therapy through the lens of Grawe's general change mechanisms.

Psychological review November 1, 2025 Max Wolff, Hans Rutrecht, Lea J. Mertens et al.

Psychedelic therapy is commonly understood as a form of psychotherapy. However, despite promising results from clinical trials, scientific progress has been hindered by a lack of theoretical integration between the fields of psychedelic and psychotherapy research. This article seeks to bridge this divide by outlining a transtheoretical understanding of psychedelic-occasioned psychological...

[Mechanisms of action of antidepressive pharmacotherapy: brain and mind-body and environment].

Der Nervenarzt March 1, 2025 Moritz Spangemacher, Jonathan R Reinwald, Hana Adolphi et al.

Novel antidepressive substances are challenging the explanations for the mechanisms of action of traditional psychopharmacology. What could be the shared effects of various antidepressants and in this context what role do extrapharmacological factors, such as the body and environment, play? The available literature on clinical and preclinical data for assumed combined active factors of...

[Acceptance of psilocybin-assisted therapy in German-speaking countries].

Der Nervenarzt February 12, 2025 Nina Hartter, Marvin Däumichen, Christopher Schmidt et al. 1 citation

Clinical studies with psilocybin in combination with psychotherapy show promising results for the treatment of various mental disorders; however, there still exists a lack of knowledge, rejection and prejudice towards this new form of therapy among doctors, psychotherapists and patients. The aim of this study was to gain a representative impression, as far as possible, of the level of...

Akzeptanz psilocybin-assistierter Therapie in den deutschsprachigen Ländern

edoc Publication server (Humboldt University of Berlin) February 12, 2025 Nina Hartter, Marvin Däumichen, Christopher Schmidt et al.

Hintergrund: Klinische Studien mit Psilocybin in Kombination mit Psychotherapie zeigen vielversprechende Ergebnisse bei der Behandlung verschiedener psychischer Störungen. In der Ärzte- und Psychotherapeutenschaft sowie unter Patient:innen bestehen auch Unwissen, Ablehnung und Vorurteile gegenüber dieser neuen Therapieform. Ziel dieser Studie war es, einen möglichst repräsentativen Eindruck vom...

A Field-Wide Review and Analysis of Study Materials Used in Psilocybin Trials: Assessment of Two Decades of Research

Psychedelic Medicine January 20, 2025 Marianna Graziosi, Gabrielle Agin-Liebes, Mary P Cosimano et al. 9 citations

Introduction: Serotonergic psychedelics, serotonin 2A receptor agonists such as psilocybin that can result in substantially altered states of consciousness, are used in recreational and research settings. The safety of psychedelic experiences in research settings is supported by controlled physical environments, presence of clinical and medical staff to address emergent issues, screening for...

Key competencies for psychedelic treatment in real-world mental health care settings.

General Hospital Psychiatry 2025 Max Wolff, Hans Rutrecht, Gerhard Gründer et al. 9 citations

Psychedelic treatments are extending beyond research units and into hospitals, outpatient clinics, and community practices. Contrasting the constrained procedures of clinical trials with the realities of routine practice, this article outlines the competencies needed for safe, effective, and ethically sound psychedelic therapy in everyday mental health care. To accommodate mainstream adoption...

Psilocybin as a disease-modifying drug—a salutogenic approach in psychiatry

Deutsches Ärzteblatt international December 16, 2024 Moritz Spangemacher, Andrea Jungaberle, Henrik Jungaberle et al. 3 citations

Treatment with psilocybin differs fundamentally from classic psychopharmacotherapy. Its potentially transdiagnostic, rapid, and sustainable efficacy and its positive effect on further dimensions of mental health beyond the patient's symptoms and psychopathology imply that it may have diseasemodifying and salutogenic mechanisms of action. Psychotherapy accompanied by the administration of...

Measuring psychotherapeutic processes in the context of psychedelic experiences: Validation of the General Change Mechanisms Questionnaire (GCMQ)

Journal of Psychopharmacology May 1, 2024 Max Wolff, Ricarda Evens, Lea J. Mertens et al. 34 citations

Background: Therapeutic and salutogenic effects of psychedelic drugs have been attributed to psychotherapeutic or psychotherapy-like processes that can unfold during the acute psychedelic experience and beyond. Currently, there are no psychometric instruments available to comprehensively assess psychotherapeutic processes (as conceptualized by empirical psychotherapy research) in the context of...

Psychotherapeutisches Setting und Integration bei psychedelikaassistierter Therapie

Nervenheilkunde April 1, 2024 Manuela Brand, Luca V. Faerber, Laura Kaertner et al. 1 citation

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Gegenstand und Ziel Der vorliegende Artikel beschäftigt sich mit der Behandlung von psychischen Erkrankungen mit psychedelischen Substanzen aus einem psychotherapeutischen Blickwinkel. Dabei wird die Rolle der „Integration“ von psychedelischen Erfahrungen diskutiert. Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie die außergewöhnlichen Erfahrungen, die Menschen unter Psychedelikaeinfluss...

Knowledge gaps in psychedelic medicalisation: Clinical studies and regulatory aspects.

Neurosci Appl January 11, 2024 Drummond E-Wen Mcculloch, Matthias E. Liechti, Kim Pc Kuypers et al. 10 citations

Psychedelic drugs including psilocybin and LSD are undergoing clinical trials for a range of psychiatric and neurological conditions, and have particularly shown substantial promise in phase 2 studies of depression. In this article we outline key knowledge gaps that may be imperative for a successful implementation of psychedelic drugs as medicines as identified by members of the European...

Baseline monocyte count predicts symptom improvement during intravenous ketamine therapy in treatment-resistant depression: a single-arm open-label observational study.

Frontiers in Psychiatry 2024 Bruno Pedraz-Petrozzi, Moritz Spangemacher, Anton Deicher et al. 6 citations

Neuroinflammatory processes in depression are associated with treatment resistance to conventional antidepressants. Ketamine is an effective new therapeutic option for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Its well-established immunomodulatory properties are hypothesized to mediate its antidepressant effect. In this context, higher levels of inflammation may predict a better treatment response....

Treatment with psychedelics is psychotherapy: beyond reductionism

The Lancet Psychiatry December 12, 2023 Gerhard Gründer, Manuela Brand, Lea J. Mertens et al. 103 citations

Treatment of psychiatric disorders with psychedelic substances represents one of the most promising current treatment approaches in psychiatry. Since its inception in the 1950s, therapy with psychedelics has been conceptualised as psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy-ie, a form of psychotherapy that uses the profound biological effects of this class of substances as a catalyst for changing...

Psychedelika in der Psychiatrie – Entwicklungen und die Stellung in Deutschland

Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie January 4, 2023 Uwe Herwig, Lea J. Mertens, Sergio Pérez Rosal et al. 6 citations

Zusammenfassung In den letzten Jahren erlebte die klinische Forschung zur therapeutischen Wirksamkeit von Psychedelika eine Art Renaissance. Der aktuelle Stand wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse zur Wirksamkeit bei verschiedenen psychiatrischen Indikationen, wie auch die bereits unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen genehmigungsfähige Anwendung einiger psychedelischer Substanzen in der klinischen...

Einstellungen von Expertinnen und Experten für psychische Gesundheit gegenüber Psilocybin

Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie June 20, 2022 Christopher W. Schmidt, Max Wolff, Gerhard Gründer et al. 5 citations

Zusammenfassung Ziel der Studie In den letzten Jahren konnten Studien, in denen die Verwendung von Psilocybin zur Behandlung psychischer Störungen untersucht wurde, vielversprechende Ergebnisse zeigen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden Einstellungen von ausgebildeten Psychiater*innen und Psychotherapeut*innen zu Psilocybin und Psilocybin-unterstützten Therapien untersucht. Methodik Eine...

[Are psychedelics fast acting antidepressant agents?].

Der Nervenarzt March 1, 2022 Gerhard Gründer, Manuela Brand, Laura Kärtner et al.

Psychedelics, such as psilocybin represent one of the most promising current therapeutic approaches in psychiatry. Psychedelics seem to have not only potent antidepressant effects. Do they also work particularly quickly, i.e. within one day? The available literature on clinical studies of psychedelics in depressive syndromes is presented both from the period up to the prohibition of these...

Methodological challenges in psychedelic drug trials: Efficacy and safety of psilocybin in treatment-resistant major depression (EPIsoDE) – Rationale and study design

Neuroscience Applied 2022 Lea J. Mertens, Michael Koslowski, Felix Betzler et al. 40 citations

Psychedelics such as psilocybin have recently gained remarkable interest in both the specialist literature and the lay press because studies suggest that these substances may have great therapeutic potential in various psychiatric disorders, including major depression. However, clinical trials with psychedelic drugs pose particular methodological challenges to researchers, some of which differ...

Psychedelics: A New Treatment Paradigm in Psychiatry?

Pharmacopsychiatry June 24, 2021 Gerhard Gründer 9 citations

The renaissance of psychedelics has accelerated further over the past year. At least that’s true if you follow the public press. The New York Times recently titled “The Psychedelic Revolution Is Coming. Psychiatry May Never Be the Same.” on its front page 1.

The Potential Role of Psychedelic Drugs in Mental Health Care of the Future

Pharmacopsychiatry May 12, 2021 Gerhard Gründer, Henrik Jungaberle 32 citations

Abstract Serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), or dimethyltryptamine (DMT), as well as psychoactive drugs that trigger phenomenologically- related experiences like 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and ketamine, belong to the most promising treatment approaches in contemporary psychiatry. Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is not only a new...

Novel Treatment Approaches for Substance Use Disorders: Therapeutic Use of Psychedelics and the Role of Psychotherapy

2021 Felix Betzler, Gerhard Gründer, Matthew W. Johnson et al.

Purpose of Review: The use of psychedelics in a therapeutical setting has been reported for the treatment of various diagnoses in recent years. However, as psychedelic substances are still commonly known for their ( illicit) recreational use, it may seem counterintuitive to use psychedelic therapy to treat substance use disorders. This review aims to discuss how psychedelics can promote and...

Learning to Let Go: A Cognitive-Behavioral Model of How Psychedelic Therapy Promotes Acceptance

Frontiers in Psychiatry February 21, 2020 Max Wolff, Ricarda Evens, Lea J. Mertens et al. 188 citations

The efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapies for mental disorders has been attributed to the lasting change from experiential avoidance to acceptance that these treatments appear to facilitate. This article presents a conceptual model that specifies potential psychological mechanisms underlying such change, and that shows substantial parallels between psychedelic therapy and cognitive...

Toxic Psychosis After Intake of the Hallucinogen Salvinorin A

The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry September 30, 2008 Michael Paulzen, Gerhard Gründer 32 citations

Article AbstractBecause this piece has no abstract, we have provided for your benefit the first 3 sentences of the full text. Sir: The hallucinogenic sage Salvia divinorum (S.divinorum) is known by many names, including ska Maria, skaPastora, hojas de Maria, and many others. Despite its manynames, S. divinorum was not identified until 1962, whenWasson and Hofmann collected a member of the...