Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
June 1, 2002
Franz X. Vollenweider, Matthias E. Liechti, Alex Gamma et al.
92 citations
Since the mid 1990s, MDMA has been increasingly used as a recreational drug called "Ecstasy" by young people in Europe and the United States. However, despite the widespread recreational use of Ecstasy, systematic data on the psychological and neurobiological effects of MDMA have been scant. To further our understanding of the mechanism of action of MDMA, the authors conducted several studies...
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
June 1, 2002
Mim J. Landry
87 citations
This article reviews recent surveys and reports that provide insight regarding prevalence, frequency, trends, perceptions, and seizures of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or "Ecstasy." An estimated 6.4 million individuals have used MDMA. Among students in the eighth, 10th, and 12th grades, MDMA use has substantially increased from mid-1990 levels to 2001, with sharp increases noted in 2000...
The Analyst
May 14, 2002
James F. Carter, Emma L. Titterton, Martin Murray et al.
70 citations
Combined delta2H, delta13C and delta15N isotopic analysis of MDA and MDMA extracted from seized "ecstasy" tablets provides an isotopic "fingerprint" of the active ingredient allowing individual tablets to be linked to a common batch. Correlating these data with 2H NMR analysis of the extracts has the potential to study both the natural precursor materials and synthetic pathways used in the...
The Anatomical record
May 1, 2002
Marco Gesi, Paola Lenzi, Paola Soldani et al.
Early toxicity occurring during or immediately after 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or "ecstasy") administration has not been investigated in detail, although in humans it is responsible for marked side effects, and even death. Acute toxicity induced by MDMA produces rhabdomyolysis involving the myocardium (myocytolysis). Cardiac symptoms, such as tachycardia, hypertension, and...
Psychopharmacology
April 1, 2002
Suzanne L. Verheyden, J. A. Hadfield, Tara Calin et al.
118 citations
RationaleResearch with animals suggests that central 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) function may be attenuated for a period following a single dose of +/-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy'). If the same is true in humans, then functions thought to be modulated by 5-HT may differ in MDMA users compared with non-users a few days after the drug is taken.AimsThe present study therefore...
Drug and Alcohol Review
March 2002
Linda R Gowing, Susan M Henry-Edwards, Rodney J. Irvine et al.
Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA) is the third most used illicit drug, after cannabis and amphetamines. There has been considerable interest in the adverse effects of use, with particular attention given to a small number of deaths related to ecstasy use, and the neurotoxic effects of MDMA. This paper reviews case reports of adverse effects attributed to ecstasy use, and the...
Journal of Analytical Toxicology
March 1, 2002
Els A. de Letter, Karine M. Clauwaert, Willy E. Lambert et al.
47 citations
In this study, regional tissue distributions of the amphetamine analogue 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") and its metabolite 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) in a fatal overdose are presented. Quantitation of MDMA and MDA levels occurred in blood samples taken centrally (right and left heart and main adjacent great vessels) and peripherally (subclavian and femoral blood)....
Contemporary Drug Problems
March 1, 2002
Tom F. M. Ter Bogt, Rutger C. M. E. Engels, Belinda Hibbel et al.
46 citations
“House” is the main youth subculture of the 1980s and 1990s in the Netherlands. For the members of this youth culture scene, house is a combination of going to parties and dancing all night while being high on MDMA, a drug better known as XTC/Ecstasy. This article is a review of the history of house and the Dutch house scene. It considers some of the psychological effects of dancing combined...
British Journal of Pharmacology
February 1, 2002
Mary L. Forsling, John K. Fallon, Darshna Shah et al.
77 citations
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”), widely used as a recreational drug, can produce hyponatraemia. The possibility that this could result from stimulation of vasopressin by MDMA or one of its metabolites has been investigated in vitro . Release of both oxytocin and vasopressin from isolated hypothalami obtained from male Wistar rats was determined under basal conditions and...
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
2002
Marsha Rosenbaum
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) was first used as a legal adjunct to psychotherapy in the 1970s. By the early 1980s, "Ecstasy" had become a tiny part of the recreational American drug scene, and was ultimately criminalized in 1986. For a decade use continued, but remained quiet. By the end of the 1990s, increased supply, demand, seizures of pills, arrests of distributors associated...