Journal of Analytical Toxicology - The Consciousness Library

Studies on enzymatic hydrolysis of psilocin-O-glucuronide for screening of psilocin in human urine by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry.

Journal of Analytical Toxicology June 4, 2026 David A Barajas, Heather C Noda Carter, Michael R Tomedi et al.

Psilocin is a psychedelic indole alkaloid and one of the major human metabolites of its phosphorylated precursor, psilocybin. Psilocin binds to the serotonin receptor, 5-HT2A, and dose-dependently induces hallucinogenic effects stronger than psilocybin. As a result, psilocin has been a drug of interest in the analytical toxicology community for years. In vivo, a majority of psilocin is...

DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkag030 Full text

Pharmacokinetic study of delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol in male rats using a validated bioanalytical method.

Journal of Analytical Toxicology April 30, 2026 Alexandria S. Senetra, Sushobhan Mukhopadhyay, Yi-Hua Chiang et al.

Delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8THC) has been growing in popularity across the United States due to its reported therapeutic benefits, including pain relief, euphoria, relaxation, and mild psychoactive effects, especially in areas where sale of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9THC) is illegal. Currently, much debate surrounds Δ8THC regarding its regulatory status and whether this compound is...

DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaf105 Full text

HPLC-MS/MS stereoselective determination and quantification of MDMA and its phase-1 metabolite in human oral fluid samples: estimation of consumption time.

Journal of Analytical Toxicology March 15, 2026 Aurora Balloni, Sarah M.r. Wille, Giorgia Sprega et al.

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as Ecstasy, is a psychoactive substance used for recreational purposes. This study used a stereoselective method based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to quantify MDMA and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) enantiomers in human oral fluid (OF). Samples were collected...

DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkag009 Full text MDMA Hplc-ms/ms Enantioseparation Pharmacokinetics +1

Psilocin glucuronide in whole blood: a stable and useful biomarker of psilocybin intake

Journal of Analytical Toxicology February 19, 2026 Marianne Skov-Skov Bergh, Inger Lise Bogen, Merete Vevelstad et al.

Detecting psilocybin use is challenging because it rapidly converts to its psychoactive metabolite psilocin, and both compounds are unstable in blood. Bufotenin, a structural isomer of psilocin, may exhibit comparable instability in blood. For reliable detection, we developed and validated an LC-MS/MS method to simultaneously quantify psilocin, bufotenin, and their metabolites, psilocin...

DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkag015 Psilocybin Metabolite Analyte Protein precipitation +10

Fatalities following DMT use: Two case reports and a review of the literature.

Journal of Analytical Toxicology July 9, 2025 Jade Pullen, Robert Moore, Rebecca Wood et al. 1 citation

N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a hallucinogen found in the South American Psychotria viridis plant and is the major psychoactive ingredient in the brew ayahuasca. In this report we performed a review of the surrounding literature and detail two deaths which recently occurred in the UK following DMT use. A literature search of both academic (PubMed, GoogleScholar) and media (using Google...

DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaf064 Full text DMT N-dimethyltryptamine Drug interactions Polydrug use +17

Development and validation of an analytical method for the determination of select 4-position ring-substituted tryptamines in plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Journal of Analytical Toxicology May 26, 2025 Malik Schoffner, Vamshikrishna Reddy Sammeta, Marilyn Naeem et al. 2 citations

Abstract 4-Phosporyloxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (psilocybin) is a psychedelic tryptamine found in certain mushroom species that has shown efficacy in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders. In conjunction with the renewed interest in therapeutic effects of psychedelics, there has been an increase in psilocybin-like designer tryptamines appearing in non-medical drug markets. The present...

DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaf045 Psilocybin Tryptamines Selected reaction monitoring Tandem mass spectrometry +3

Green liquid-liquid microextraction for quantification of ketamine and metabolites in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Journal of Analytical Toxicology May 16, 2025 Hsueh-Hui Yang, Chia-Sui Kao, Ahai C Lua et al. 2 citations

This study aimed to develop and validate a green method for the detection of ketamine and its metabolites in human urine samples and subsequently determine which metabolite is more suitable for judgment of ketamine abuse. Ketamine and its metabolites were extracted from urine samples with 1-undecanol using liquid-liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic droplet...

DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaf022 Full text Green-chemistry Analytical-methods Forensic-toxicology Drug-testing +1

Toxicological evaluation, postmortem case descriptions, and pharmacological activity of N,N-dimethylpentylone and related analogs

Journal of Analytical Toxicology January 27, 2025 Melissa F. Fogarty, Sara E Walton, Michael T Truver et al. 6 citations

Identification of N,N-dimethylpentylone (DMP) in counterfeit "Ecstasy" and "Molly" tablets poses risk to public health due to its adverse effects. Little information is available regarding the pharmacological activity or relevant blood or tissue concentrations of DMP, and even less is known about other structurally related beta-keto methylenedioxyamphetamine analogs on recreational drug...

DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaf002 Full text Metabolite Synthetic cannabinoids Pharmacology Chromatography +3

Green Analytical Toxicology procedure for determination of ketamine, its metabolites and analogues in oral fluid samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME).

Journal of Analytical Toxicology June 11, 2024 Juliana Ribeiro Ibiapina Leitão Oliveira, Leonardo Costalonga Rodrigues, Júlia Martinelli Magalhães Kahl et al. 13 citations

New psychoactive substances (NPS) are often synthesized via small changes in the molecular structure, producing drugs whose effect and potency are not yet fully known. Ketamine is one of the oldest NPS, with therapeutic use in human and veterinary medicine authorized in several countries, being metabolized mainly into norketamine and 6-hydroxy-norketamine. Furthermore, two structural analogues...

DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkae018 Full text

Driving under the influence of cocaine and MDMA: Relationship between blood concentrations and results from clinical test of impairment.

Journal of Analytical Toxicology June 11, 2024 Gunhild Heide, Ragnhild Elén Gjulem Jamt, Jonas Fainberg-Sandbu et al. 8 citations

The general use of cocaine is increasing in recent years, while the trend for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is less clear. The relationship between blood concentrations and impairment is poorly understood, which complicates interpretation. The aims of this study were to report prevalence and blood concentrations of cocaine and MDMA in drugged drivers, and to investigate the...

DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkae024 Full text MDMA Drug testing Impaired driving Traffic safety +1

2-Fluorodeschloroketamine consumption: About two deaths and a case of self-mutilation.

Journal of Analytical Toxicology June 11, 2024 Salomé Riess, Marjorie Chèze, Aurelie Muckensturm et al. 5 citations

2-Fluorodeschloroketamine (2-FDCK) is a new psychoactive substance (NPS), close to the ketamine structure. Few cases of 2-FDCK intake are described in the forensic literature, especially concerning death cases. We report here a case of self-mutilation (Case 1) and two forensic deaths linked to 2-FDCK consumption. The second case involved a man found dead in the street, having been stabbed. The...

DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkae021 Full text Drug toxicology Novel psychoactive substances Ketamine analogs Forensic chemistry +1

Characterization of iso-LSD metabolism using human liver microsomes in comparison to LSD and its applicability as urinary biomarker for LSD consumption.

Journal of Analytical Toxicology June 11, 2024 Xue Qin Ng, Evelyn Mei Ling Goh, Asimah Hamzah et al. 2 citations

Urinalysis of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) poses a challenge due to its rapid metabolism, resulting in little to no LSD detectable in urine. Instead, its primary metabolite, 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD, is predominantly detected. In this study, we observed several urine profiles with iso-LSD detected together with 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD. Iso-LSD is derived from illicit preparation of LSD as a major...

DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkae023 Full text Drug testing Substance detection Psychedelics Forensic science +1

In vitro and in vivo metabolic study of three new psychoactive β-keto-arylcyclohexylamines.

Journal of Analytical Toxicology May 20, 2024 Linhao Xu, Hui Yan, Yiling Tang et al. 3 citations

Since the 2000s, an increasing number of new psychoactive substances have appeared on the illicit drug market. β-Keto-arylcyclohexylamine compounds play important pharmacological roles in anesthesia; however, because these new psychoactive substances have rapidly increasing illicit recreational use, the lack of detailed toxicity data are of particular concern. Therefore, analysis of their...

DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkae020 Full text Forensic toxicology Novel psychoactive substances Legal highs Club drugs +3

Screening and confirmation of psilocin, mitragynine, phencyclidine, ketamine and ketamine metabolites by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Journal of Analytical Toxicology March 1, 2024 Madeleine E Wood, Glenna J Brown, Erin L Karschner et al. 4 citations

A safe and productive workplace requires a sober workforce, free from substances that impair judgment and concentration. Although drug monitoring programs already exist, the scope and loopholes of standard workplace testing panels are well known, allowing other substances to remain a source of risk. Therefore, a high-throughput urine screening method for psilocin, mitragynine, phencyclidine,...

DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkae002 Full text Drug testing Substance detection Laboratory automation Forensic science +1

Methoxetamine and its metabolites: Postmortem determination in body fluids of human cadaver.

Journal of Analytical Toxicology January 31, 2024 Miroslava Bursová, Tomáš Hložek, Miloš Sokol et al. 5 citations

We report the forensic case of a 42-year-old man, a known drug user, who died at home and whose body was only discovered 2 months later. Autopsy was performed on a corpse in the late postmortem stage where no apparent cause of death was found. A toxicological screening of biological materials (blood, urine and gastric content) using liquid chromatography with different types of mass detection...

DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad084 Full text

Are the NPS commonly used? An extensive investigation in Northern Italy based on hair analysis.

Journal of Analytical Toxicology September 15, 2023 Cristina Calvetti, Alberto Salomone, Andrea Verzeletti et al. 7 citations

New psychoactive substances (NPS) are present on the Italian illicit markets, but data from the analysis of biological samples to evaluate their real consumption are rare. For this reason, an epidemiological study was carried out by means of a ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS) method for the determination of 115 NPS on the keratin matrix. A total of...

DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad040 Full text Ketamine Drug testing Hair analysis New psychoactive substances +1

Development and validation of a sensitive LC–MS-MS method to quantify psilocin in authentic oral fluid samples

Journal of Analytical Toxicology August 29, 2023 Marilia Santoro Cardoso, Kelly Francisco da Cunha, Izabelly Geraldes Silva et al. 3 citations

Abstract Psilocin is an active substance and a dephosphorylated product of psilocybin formed after the ingestion of mushrooms. The low stability caused by the quick oxidation of this analyte requires sensitive methods for its determination in biological matrices. In this work, we described the development, optimization and validation of a method for the quantification of psilocin in authentic...

DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad064 Psychedelics Drug testing Analytical chemistry Forensic science +1

Characterization of extensive 2-fluorodeschloroketamine metabolism in pooled human liver microsomes, urine and hair from an addicted patient using high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry.

Journal of Analytical Toxicology July 22, 2023 Delphine Joseph, Camille Lesueur, Fanny Zerizer et al. 8 citations

2-Fluorodeschloroketamine (2F-DCK) is a ketamine derivative involved in acute intoxications and deaths. The aim of this study is to investigate its metabolism using pooled human liver microsomes (pHLMs) and to apply it to authentic samples (urine, hair and seized materials) from a drug user. 2F-DCK (100 µM) incubates with pHLMs were analyzed by liquid chromatography-high-resolution accurate...

DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad030 Full text

Case report of a fatal 3-hydroxyphencyclidine intoxication, including blood and hair results.

Journal of Analytical Toxicology July 22, 2023 Alice Ameline, Morgane Baudry, Delphine Garnier et al. 1 citation

3-Hydroxyphencyclidine (3-OH-PCP) is a hydroxy derivative of phencyclidine, synthesized in 1978 to investigate the structure-activity relationship of phencyclidine derivates. In vitro studies have shown that 3-OH-PCP, like phencyclidine, acts on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and has a higher affinity for this receptor than phencyclidine. The authors report the case of a 38-year-old man,...

DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad031 Full text

Comparative Analysis and Structure Identification of Oxidative Metabolites and Hydrogenation Metabolite Enantiomers for 2-Fluorodeschloroketamine.

Journal of Analytical Toxicology May 19, 2023 Xuan Luo, Di Zhang, Fang Zhang et al. 2 citations

In this study, we used solid-phase extraction with liquid chromatography-ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-IT-TOF-MS) to analyze 2-fluorodeschloroketamine (2-FDCK) metabolites in human urine. The complete set of oxidative metabolites was identified, with 17 compounds divided into four groups. Furthermore, we examined the hydroxy substitution site after oxidative metabolism with...

DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad021 Full text

Fatal Intoxications from a Combination of 4-Fluoroamphetamine and 25C-NBOMe.

Journal of Analytical Toxicology March 21, 2023 Dimitri Gerostamoulos, Linda Glowacki, Maria Pricone et al. 9 citations

Six fatalities have occurred from the ingestion of a combination of new psychoactive substances (NPSs), 4-fluoroamphetamine (4FA) and 2-(4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine (25C-NBOMe) over a 9-month period. Four of these fatalities (one older female and three young males) were from direct adverse effects of drugs, and one each from a fall while being intoxicated...

DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac059 Full text

Qualitative Screening of Amphetamine- and Ketamine-Type Abuse Drugs in Urine Employing Dual Mode Extraction Column by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS-MS).

Journal of Analytical Toxicology January 24, 2023 George Fai Wong, Wing-Man Lee, Chi-Keung Li 9 citations

This manuscript reported a fast and rapid qualitative screening method for abuse drugs in urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The scope of the abuse drugs under investigation included methamphetamine (MA), amphetamine (AMP), methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), paramethoxymethamphetamine (PMMA), ephedrine, pseudoephedrine,...

DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac004 Full text

A Fatal Case Report Resulting from the Abuse of the Designer Benzodiazepines Clonazolam and Flualprazolam in Conjunction with Dried Opium Poppy Pods

Journal of Analytical Toxicology November 1, 2022 Nadine Theofel, Philipp Möller, Elke Vejmelka et al. 10 citations

Toxicologists are often confronted with the abuse of multiple drugs and are obliged to decide which compound may have been the cause of death. We report on a 21-year-old man (182 cm, 84 kg), who was found unconscious in his bed. Beside him, the police found several controlled substances, among them were dried opium poppy pods containing thebaine, codeine and morphine, a clear liquid with the...

DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac098 Thebaine Codeine Chromatography Designer drug +5

Loss of Consciousness and Visual Hallucinations Related to 5-MeO-DALT Intake, a Case Report Confirmed by Toxicological Analyses.

Journal of Analytical Toxicology August 13, 2022 Laurène Dufayet, Jérôme Langrand, Jean-Claude Alvarez et al. 3 citations

5-MeO-DALT or 5-methoxy-N,N-diallyltryptamine is a derivative of tryptamines, consumed for its hallucinogenic and entheogenic effects. We report the case of a 46-year-old-man, presenting with a brief loss of consciousness and visual hallucinations, after the consumption of three 5-MeO-DALT tablets bought online. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry method was performed, and...

DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac021 Full text

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Tryptamines in the Poison of Incilius alvarius (Amphibia: Bufonidae).

Journal of Analytical Toxicology May 20, 2022 Hannes M Schwelm, Nicole Zimmermann, Tobias Scholl et al. 13 citations

Rising numbers of psychoactive tryptamine derivatives have become available on the drug market over the last decade, making these naturally occurring or synthetically manufactured compounds highly relevant for forensic analyses. One of these compounds is 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), a constituent of the dried poison of Incilius alvarius (Colorado River toad), which has a...

DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab038 Full text 5-MEO-DMT Tryptamines Indoleamines Psychoactive compounds +27

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