Nephrology
February 2008
Milica Ninković, Vesna Selaković, Mirjana Dukić et al.
The mechanism of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine)-induced toxicity is believed to be, in part, due to enhanced oxidative stress. As MDMA is eliminated via the kidney, the aim of this study was to investigate whether MDMA created conditions of oxidative stress within rat kidney. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into three groups, control treatment (water), acute MDMA administration...
Archives of General Psychiatry
February 1, 2008
J.f.w. Deakin, Jane Lees, Shane Mckie et al.
315 citations
CONTEXT: Ketamine evokes psychosislike symptoms, and its primary action is to impair N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor neurotransmission, but it also induces secondary increases in glutamate release. OBJECTIVES: To identify the sites of action of ketamine in inducing symptoms and to determine the role of increased glutamate release using the glutamate release inhibitor lamotrigine....
Neurogastroenterology & Motility
February 1, 2008
Raffaele Capasso, Francesca Borrelli, Jordan K Zjawiony et al.
39 citations
The hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum has been used for medical treatments of gastrointestinal disorders. Here, we evaluated the effect of a standardized extract from the leaves of Salvia divinorum (SDE) and of its active ingredient salvinorin A on motility in vivo, both in physiological states and during croton oil-induced intestinal inflammation. SDE (1-100 mg kg(-1)) significantly...
Neuroscience
January 24, 2008
K Sano, K Mishima, E Koushi et al.
Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has been reported to induce catalepsy-like immobilization, but the mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. In the present study, in order to fully understand the neural circuits involved, we determined the brain sites involved in the immobilization effect in rats. THC dose-dependently induced catalepsy-like immobilization. THC-induced catalepsy-like...
Talanta
January 15, 2008
Bo-Hong Chen, Ju-Tsung Liu, Wen-Xiong Chen et al.
32 citations
Certain characteristic fragmentations of tryptamines (indoleethylamine) and phenethylamines are described. Based on the GC-EI/MS, LC-ESI/MS and MALDI/TOFMS, the mass fragmentations of 13 standard compounds, including alpha-methyltryptamine (AMT), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-methoxy-alpha-methyltryptamine (5-MeO-AMT), N,N-diethyltryptamine (DET), N,N-dipropyltryptamine (DPT),...
Journal of Ethnopharmacology
January 4, 2008
Kenneth Alper, Howard S. Lotsof, Charles D. Kaplan
184 citations
Ibogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive indole alkaloid that is used to treat substance-related disorders in a global medical subculture, and is of interest as an ethnopharmacological prototype for experimental investigation and possible rational pharmaceutical development. The subculture is also significant for risks due to the lack of clinical and pharmaceutical standards. This study...
Progress in Brain Research
2008
Max Velmans
Modern consciousness studies are in a healthy state, with many progressive empirical programmes in cognitive science, neuroscience, and related sciences, using relatively conventional third-person research methods. However not all the problems of consciousness can be resolved in this way. These problems may be grouped into problems that require empirical advance, those that require theoretical...
Progress in Brain Research
2008
Axel Cleeremans
In this chapter, I sketch a conceptual framework which takes it as a starting point that conscious and unconscious cognition are rooted in the same set of interacting learning mechanisms and representational systems. On this view, the extent to which a representation is conscious depends in a graded manner on properties such as its stability in time or its strength. Crucially, these properties...
Neuropharmacology
January 2008
Tiziana Rubino, Cinzia Guidali, Daniela Viganò et al.
There is a general consensus that the effects of cannabinoid agonists on anxiety seem to be biphasic, with low doses being anxiolytic and high doses ineffective or possibly anxiogenic. Besides the behavioural effects of cannabinoids on anxiety, very few papers have dealt with the neuroanatomical sites of these effects. We investigated the effect on rat anxiety behavior of local administration...
Progress in Brain Research
2008
Hakwan Lau
It is usually taken as given that consciousness involves superior or more elaborate forms of information processing. Contemporary models equate consciousness with global processing, system complexity, or depth or stability of computation. This is in stark contrast with the powerful philosophical intuition that being conscious is more than just having the ability to compute. I argue that it is...