Alamia et al. (2020) reported that N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) significantly increases forward (bottom-up) cortical travelling waves, based on surrogate-normalized 2D FFT analysis. We reanalyze the same publicly available EEG dataset (N = 12) using the same method, supplemented by absolute power analysis. Absolute forward wave power decreases under DMT in all 12 subjects at alpha (8–13 Hz) and...
The engineering of consciousness preservation (whether through whole-brain emulation, cryonic revival, or brain-computer interfaces) proceeds largely without reference to theories of consciousness. This is a remarkable omission. The choice of what must be preserved in a brain depends entirely on what generates consciousness, and the major theories disagree on this question by many orders of...
Spiritual healing is widely referenced in health and wellness discourse; yet, its conceptual boundaries remain unclear and are often reduced to religion, private belief, or therapeutic language. This critical interpretative synthesis (CIS)-aligned narrative review sought to provide a comprehensive understanding of spiritual healing by integrating linguistic, etymological, philosophical,...
This paper develops a comparative philosophical analysis of minimal-duality and “bare” consciousness as introspective limit-concepts—notions that emerge when reflexive awareness approaches the edges of self-representation and differentiation. By examining selected traditions (Neoplatonism, Advaita Vedānta, Mahāyāna Buddhism, Taoism, and Kabbalah) as illustrative case studies rather than an...
Abstract This paper presents a first-person qualitative case study of an individual with extraordinarily high dream recall frequency, sustained high‑narrative dreaming, and unconscious creative dreaming—a rare and understudied phenotype in sleep and cognitive science. The participant (also the author) consistently experiences long, coherent, plot‑driven dreams with distinct characters,...
This commentary reinterprets the precision engineering framework proposed by Friston (2023) through the lens of first-person experience in Bipolar II Disorder (BP2). As a BP2 patient and computer science student, the author models cognitive fluctuations across hypomanic, mixed, depressive, and euthymic episodes using a Temperature (τ) framework, where τ ≈ 1/precision. The paper proposes a...
Contemporary neurotechnology—ranging from brain–computer interfaces to neural data analytics —challenges foundational concepts of personhood, agency, responsibility, and moral normativity.Classical ethical frameworks, grounded in objectivist assumptions, struggle to address these transformations. This paper proposes a radical constructivist ethics grounded in the synthesis of radical...
This paper examines the interrelationship between embodied consciousness and neoliberal ecology in David Szalay’s Flesh (2025). Drawing upon the philosophical frameworks of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Michel Foucault, the study explores how the human body functions not merely as a biological entity but as a lived site shaped by socio-economic forces, power relations, and cultural structures. The...
The concept of soul consciousness has long been rooted in spiritual traditions such as Raja Yoga and Vedanta, yet its integration into psychological and educational discourse remains underdeveloped. This conceptual synthesis paper seeks to bridge that gap by exploring soul consciousness as a multidimensional construct influencing identity formation, emotional regulation, value alignment, and...
Psilocybin-assisted therapy has emerged as a promising intervention for treatment-resistant depression (TRD), yet standardized and transparent therapeutic frameworks remain limited. This therapist manual was developed for the EPIsoDE trial, a phase IIb randomized clinical study investigating the efficacy and safety of psilocybin with adjunct psychotherapy in patients with TRD (NCT04670081). The...
This paper argues that the hard problem of consciousness rests on a category error: the attempt to explain a first-person given in third-person terms. The core principle: there are no facts outside of perceptual spheres — only models within spheres and intersubjective agreement between them. Part 1 establishes that scientific knowledge is intersubjective, not objective in the strict sense, and...
Social inhibition presents a significant barrier to the psychosocial development of school students, hindering academic participation and peer relationships. This paper provides a descriptive analysis of the efficacy of yogic practices as a holistic intervention for mitigating social inhibition. By synthesizing existing research from neuroscience, psychology, and contemplative studies, this...
The explanatory gap is not evidence of a missing force, but of a missing condition. Every major consciousness framework — Integrated Information Theory, the Free Energy Principle, Global Workspace Theory, Higher-Order Theories, and Predictive Processing — presupposes a bounded, persistence-capable unit at a specific point in its formalism and supplies none. The system whose consciousness is to...
Abstract Existing metrics of phenomenal consciousness — spatial efficiency η, Lempel-Ziv complexity, perturbational complexity index — characterise the level of conscious organisation. Here we propose and empirically validate a complementary metric: the rate of change of spatial efficiency, v_η = |dη/dt|, interpreted as a proxy for neural entropy production rate during phenomenal transitions....
Abstract Most theories of consciousness characterise it as a property of neural states: a level of complexity, an amount of integrated information, a global broadcast. We propose a fundamentally different characterisation: consciousness is a dynamical regime — a mode of operation defined not by what a system is, but by how it changes. Drawing on non-equilibrium thermodynamics, the Negative...
Abstract 1 The measurement of phenomenal consciousness from EEG signals remains an open methodological challenge. Existing scalar metrics — Lempel-Ziv Complexity, Perturbational Complexity Index, spectral entropy — capture the level of consciousness but lose information about the structure and organisation of phenomenal states. This paper presents a systematic empirical investigation of a...
Abstract A fundamental question for consciousness science is what changes in the brain when phenomenal experience arises or restructures. Current EEG metrics of consciousness predominantly measure temporal signal complexity, but face a systematic confound: broadband amplitude increases during propofol sedation and slow-wave sleep paradoxically inflate complexity measures, misranking states that...
Yoga has strong evidence for reducing stress and anxiety, yet a recent health technology assessment found no significant effect on burnout severity. This article proposes a theoretical explanation for this paradox, arguing that modern Western yoga has been systematically stripped of the meaning-making mechanisms that were historically embedded in traditional practice. Drawing on the history of...
The hard problem of consciousness is real, unsolvable under its current formulation, and arguably not the most productive question to anchor on. It functions as a floor, not a ceiling. Taking Chalmers seriously suggests a methodological inversion: from "how does matter produce consciousness?" to "how does matter constrain it?" The empirical anchor is a capacity-content dissociation no current...
Psychedelic experiences are frequently described as producing a “psychological reset,”characterized by reduced rigidity of thought and disruption of maladaptive cognitive pat-terns. Existing models such as REBUS and the entropic brain hypothesis explain acutedestabilization but do not fully account for post-experience reconstruction. This paper pro-poses a two-stage mechanism: (1) constraint...
Abstract This paper introduces the Type 1 / Type 2 consciousness framework, a theoretical distinction grounded in a sustained phenomenological case study of over seven years. The framework proposes two fundamental modes of conscious experience, differentiated primarily by the involvement of the Default Mode Network (DMN). Type 1 consciousness is characterized as pre-narrative awareness with...
The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (RCT) — "the gold standard of medical evidence" — was designed to answer a specific epistemic question: is the observed effect of an intervention causally attributable to the intervention's pharmacological mechanism rather than to expectation, observer bias, or selection effects? This is the **mechanistic attribution question**. It is a...
Ordinary action and explicit reflection organize selfhood differently. In action, experience is lived from within rather than approached as an object of observation. In reflection, action can be evaluated, narrated, and integrated into autobiographical understanding. The central question is how a single subjectivity supports both modes. Minimal selfhood names the pre-reflective first-personal...