Panpsychism holds that experience must already be present in elementary matter for consciousness to arise at the macroscopic level. We argue that this conclusion, however carefully motivated, follows only if one assumes a particular — and independently refutable — model of how phenomenological contents compose. Once that assumption is identified and rejected, the pressure towards panpsychism...
This article explores the significance of meditation in Jainism, a spiritual tradition that emphasizes self-control, non-violence, and liberation. Jainism offers a rich array of meditation practices, including Dharma dhyana and Shukla dhyana, designed to cultivate detachment, self-awareness and ultimate liberation (Moksha). This article delves into the principles and practices of Jain...
The concept of emergence is widely invoked across the sciences yet lacks an operational definition. Chalmers’ influential weak/strong dichotomy, which has dominated philosophical discussion for two decades, provides no measurable criterion for identifying emergence, no critical condition for its occurrence, and no falsifiable predictions. This paper argues that the dichotomy’s inadequacy has a...
Current empirical approaches to consciousness rely on measures of integration, responsiveness, and reportability, all of which track relatively late-stage phenomena. This paper introduces a minimal operational criterion for detecting an earlier event: the first sustained instance of recursive closure in neural dynamics. We argue that recursion functions as a constraint-satisfying mechanism...
It is a well-established fact that meditation and mantra have been used over centuries to maintain better cognitive and emotional stability. Gayatri Mantra is the most powerful and believed to activate vibrational energies, which may have a healing effect on mind, body, and spirit; therefore, an interesting area for study in current psychological research. Gayatri Mantra - considered in ancient...
This paper proposes a cybernetic theory of consciousness. Its central claim is that consciousness is second-order feedback based on a language-based world model that includes the system itself. Consciousness is defined not as a mysterious substance or passive inner state, but as the regulatory process by which a system evaluates and modifies its own reactions through self-referential modeling....
Contemporary psychiatry primarily utilizes biomedical models that categorize mental disorders through observable symptoms, which risks overlooking how these experiences are actually lived by individuals. This article examines melancholic depression through the lens of phenomenological psychopathology, arguing that it represents a radical, structural transformation of the subject’s...
This paper argues for a new way of approaching metaphysical problems of time by reexamining the concept of time through the lens of the representational theory of mind and Kantian epistemology. As an example of such problems, it examines the historical debate over whether time is discrete or continuous by drawing parallels between Zeno’s paradoxes and Kant’s antinomies. I argue that there are...
The text examines Nietzsche’s claim that “God is dead” as a cultural diagnosis marking the collapse of absolute moral and metaphysical foundations in modernity, leading to existential emptiness. However, it argues that God persists as an internalized psychic structure. Drawing on Freud, religion is seen as a projection of infantile needs for protection and security. Winnicott suggests religious...
Modern education has made incredible progress in science and technology, but for all the breakthroughs, people still feel stressed out, confused about morals, and keep searching for meaning in their lives. You can’t fix those problems with material knowledge alone. The kind of inner spiritual wisdom that addresses these things rarely gets any attention in academic circles. Most scholars set it...
This paper presents a philosophical and systematic examination of the question, “Can computers think?” It begins by looking at the different meanings of the concept of thinking, positing that the answer to the question depends on how such a concept is conceived. On the one hand, this paper argues that if thinking is understood as problem solving, information processing, and intelligent...
Debates about consciousness often move too quickly from the failure of a physical, functional, or structural representation to discharge some explanatory or epistemic task to a verdict about ontology. A better diagnosis is representational. Behaviorism, functionalism, knowledge arguments, conceivability arguments, and hard-problem reasoning are recast here as disputes about whether a given...
This document provides a self-contained overview of the Kolmogorov Theory (KT) of consciousness---a research program spanning over two decades (2000--2026) that grounds the study of cognition, agency, and structured experience in Algorithmic Information Theory (AIT). KT proposes that brains and, more generally, algorithmic agents build and run compressive models of the world, and that the...
This paper introduces a structural measurement framework for altered-state experiences — including mystical, psychedelic, contemplative, and near-death states — that transforms subjective experience from narrative description into a measurable dynamical trajectory. Existing approaches rely on post hoc reconstruction, semantic content, and static psychometric instruments that lack temporal...
Why does consciousness exist at all? This essay argues that the question, often treated as metaphysical, admits a structural answer. Consciousness — understood as costly global integration across otherwise independent processing channels — exists because, above a critical threshold of inter-channel conflict, the fitness cost of incoherent responses exceeds the metabolic cost of integration. A...
Abstract: This essay applies the constraint-based methodology of Integration by Constraints to major theories of consciousness — IIT, Global Workspace, predictive processing, Higher-Order Theories, Recurrent Processing, Attention Schema Theory, Orch OR, and others. For each theory, the essay separates structural discoveries about consciousness (constraints) from inherited ontological claims...
Abstract: This is the foundational synthesis of the Return to Consciousness project. The one thing every investigation of nature presupposes — conscious experience — has for over a century been treated as a byproduct of the things it was used to study. This essay argues that consciousness-first metaphysics — specifically Bernardo Kastrup's analytic idealism — handles the resulting explanatory...
Embedded Process argues that many debates about mind, experience, and formal representation are distorted by a false choice: either reality is one and a sufficiently strong structural description should eventually capture everything that matters, or experience and lived significance force some kind of dualism or metaphysical split. This paper rejects that choice. The core claim is that reality...
The Hard Problem of consciousness asks why physical processes give rise to subjective experience rather than proceeding without phenomenal character. In simpler terms, it asks why it feels like something to perceive, hurt, or want. The question rests on the assumption that the same functional processes could occur in the absence of experience. This paper rejects that assumption. The account is...
This paper introduces the C–A Framework, a testable, evolutionary model that distinguishes between consciousness (C) as a baseline capacity for experience and awareness (A) as an emergent, organisation-dependent phenomenon. The framework proposes that awareness arises through an evolutionary progression of increasing organisational complexity and integration, forming a structured continuum from...
This paper introduces the CPA Distinction, a conceptual framework that differentiates between fundamental consciousness (C), proto-awareness (P), and conscious awareness (A) as stages within a hierarchy of increasing representational complexity. The framework proposes that cognitive systems evolve through progressively deeper forms of environmental and self-modelling, moving from basic...
Abstract: Under standard physicalist epistemology, reports of awareness that knows itself without ego, narration, or subject–object structure are classified as confusion or confabulation before their epistemic status is even assessed. The disqualification is not the outcome of investigation but its precondition — built into what counts as legitimate experience. This essay examines what becomes...
Indian psychology gives a unique perspective on resilience, which is crafted by indigenous philosophical and spiritual techniques like those established in Yoga and the Bhagwad Gita. This review paper gathers previous empirical and theoretical knowledge regarding resilience in Indian Knowledge System, with a strong focus on yoga. Generally, resilience is defined as the capacity to adapt and...
We present the Multi-Theory Consciousness (MTC) framework: an open-source Python implementation of seven major consciousness theories operating as interacting modules within a single architecture. The framework implements Global Workspace Theory (Baars, 1988), Attention Schema Theory (Graziano, 2013), Higher-Order Thought Theory (Rosenthal, 2005), the Free Energy Principle (Friston, 2010),...