Drug and Alcohol Dependence - The Consciousness Library

Mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement reduces opioid craving among individuals with opioid use disorder and chronic pain in medication assisted treatment: Ecological momentary assessments from a stage 1 randomized controlled trial

Drug and Alcohol Dependence August 5, 2019 E. Garland, Adam W. Hanley, Anna Kline et al.

Background Methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) is an efficacious form of medication assisted treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), yet many individuals on MMT relapse. Chronic pain and deficits in positive affective response to natural rewards may result in dysphoria that fuels opioid craving and promotes relapse. As such, behavioral therapies that ameliorate chronic pain and enhance...

DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.07.007 Full text

Ibogaine for treating drug dependence. What is a safe dose?

Drug and Alcohol Dependence September 1, 2016 Leo J. Schep, Robin J Slaughter, S Galea et al. 30 citations

The indole alkaloid ibogaine, present in the root bark of the West African rain forest shrub Tabernanthe iboga, has been adopted in the West as a treatment for drug dependence. Treatment of patients requires large doses of the alkaloid to cause hallucinations, an alleged integral part of the patient's treatment regime. However, case reports and case series continue to describe evidences of...

DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.005 Full text Drug dependence Qt prolongation Ibogaine treatment ibogaine Current ibogaine doses +6

Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicology of new psychoactive substances (NPS): 2C-B, 4-fluoroamphetamine and benzofurans.

Drug and Alcohol Dependence December 1, 2015 Johanna J Nugteren-Van Lonkhuyzen, Antoinette J H P van Riel, Tibor M Brunt et al. 48 citations

Recently, the number of new psychoactive substances (NPS) appearing on the illicit drug market has shown a marked increase. Although many users perceive the risk of using NPS as medium or low, these substances can pose a serious health risk and several NPS have been implicated in drug-related deaths. In Europe, frequently detected NPS are 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B),...

DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.10.011 Full text Designer drugs Legal highs Research chemicals New psychoactive substances +15

Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation: Abstinence outcomes and qualitative analysis of participant accounts

Drug and Alcohol Dependence November 1, 2015 Albert Garcia‐romeu, Tehseen Noorani, Roland R. Griffiths et al. 6 citations

Aims: We assessed long-term (>12 months) outcomes of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation, and qualitatively analyzed participants’ accounts to inform potential psychological mechanisms of treatment efficacy. Methods: Fifteen individuals who completed a pilot study of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation were invited for a long-term follow-up. Eleven (73%) returned and were interviewed...

DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.1130 Endocannabinoid system Cannabinoid receptor 2-arachidonoylglycerol Norepinephrine +5

Cannabis, cigarettes, and their co-occurring use: disentangling differences in default mode network functional connectivity

Drug and Alcohol Dependence June 10, 2015 R. Wetherill, Zhuo Fang, K. Jagannathan et al.

Background Resting-state functional connectivity is a noninvasive, neuroimaging method for assessing neural network function. Altered functional connectivity among regions of the default-mode network have been associated with both nicotine and cannabis use; however, less is known about co-occurring cannabis and tobacco use. Methods We used posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) seed-based...

DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.046 Full text

Monitoring new psychoactive substances (NPS) in The Netherlands: data from the drug market and the Poisons Information Centre.

Drug and Alcohol Dependence February 1, 2015 Laura Hondebrink, Johanna J Nugteren-Van Lonkhuyzen, Daan van der Gouwe et al. 119 citations

In recent years, the number of new psychoactive substances (NPS) appearing on the illicit drug market strongly increased. However, little is known about their toxic effects and risks. Therefore, we determined the most frequently occurring NPS in The Netherlands and combined this with data regarding drug-related intoxications. Data from the Drugs Information and Monitoring System (DIMS) and the...

DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.11.033 Full text 2c-b 4-fa 6-apb Methoxetamine +20

Therapeutic infusions of ketamine: Do the psychoactive effects matter?

Drug and Alcohol Dependence January 15, 2014 Elias Dakwar, C. Anerella, Carl L. Hart et al. 125 citations

Background Sub-anesthetic ketamine infusions may benefit a variety of psychiatric disorders, including addiction. Though ketamine engenders transient alterations in consciousness, it is not known whether these alterations influence efficacy. This analysis evaluates the mystical-type effects of ketamine, which may have therapeutic potential according to prior research, and assesses whether these...

DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.12.019 Full text

A survey of hallucinogenic mushroom use, factors related to usage, and perceptions of use among college students.

Drug and Alcohol Dependence June 1, 2013 Robert M. Hallock, Andrew Dean, Zachary A Knecht et al.

Recreational usage and attitudes toward psilocybin-containing hallucinogenic mushrooms among college students are seldom explored. We surveyed 882 randomly selected undergraduates at Skidmore College in upstate New York and quantified whether participants had ever used psilocybin mushrooms, their attitudes toward the drug, and polydrug use. There were 409 responses and 29.5% of the sample...

DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.11.010 Full text

Acute cognitive effects of high doses of dextromethorphan relative to triazolam in humans.

Drug and Alcohol Dependence March 1, 2013 Lawrence P Carter, Chad J Reissig, Matthew W Johnson et al. 28 citations

Although concerns surrounding high-dose dextromethorphan (DXM) abuse have recently increased, few studies have examined the acute cognitive effects of high doses of DXM. The aim of this study was to compare the cognitive effects of DXM with those of triazolam and placebo. Single, acute, oral doses of DXM (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 mg/70 kg), triazolam (0.25, 0.5mg/70 kg), and...

DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.08.025 Full text Dextromethorphan Cough suppressant Antitussive Otc medication +19

Epidemiology of adolescent Salvia divinorum use in Canada.

Drug and Alcohol Dependence February 1, 2013 Cheryl L Currie 19 citations

Salvia divinorum is a potent, naturally occurring hallucinogen gaining popularity as a recreational drug in North America. To date, detailed epidemiologic information about the use of this substance among adolescents living outside the United States has been limited. This study provides information on the prevalence and correlates of Salvia divinorum use among adolesecents in Canada using a...

DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.08.008 Full text Salvia divinorum use Hallucinogen use Lifetime use Past year use +18

Emerging psychoactive substance use among regular ecstasy users in Australia.

Drug and Alcohol Dependence July 1, 2012 Raimondo Bruno, Allison J Matthews, Matthew Dunn et al. 58 citations

The past decade has seen the development of an array of emerging psychoactive substances (EPS), however, there is minimal information on the extent of their use outside Europe. This study aimed to determine the extent of use of EPS from stimulant (such as mephedrone) and psychedelic classes (such as 5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine [5-MeO-DMT]) among an Australian sample of regular ecstasy users...

DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.11.020 Full text

Contrasting effects of d-methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone, and 4-methylmethcathinone on wheel activity in rats

Drug and Alcohol Dependence June 3, 2012 Pai-Kai Huang, Shawn. M. Aarde, D. Angrish et al. 74 citations

BACKGROUND Reports from US, UK and European drug policy entities, and ongoing media accounts, show increasing recreational use of 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC, mephedrone) and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). Severe sympathomimetic symptoms, hallucinations, psychoses, and even deaths have been reported, yet little scientific information is available on the effects of these compounds in...

DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.011 Full text

Psilocybin dose-dependently causes delayed, transient headaches in healthy volunteers.

Drug and Alcohol Dependence June 1, 2012 Matthew W Johnson, R Andrew Sewell, Roland R. Griffiths 121 citations

Psilocybin is a well-characterized classic hallucinogen (psychedelic) with a long history of religious use by indigenous cultures, and nonmedical use in modern societies. Although psilocybin is structurally related to migraine medications, and case studies suggest that psilocybin may be efficacious in treatment of cluster headache, little is known about the relationship between psilocybin and...

DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.029 Full text Psilocybin Temporary side effect Common effect Dose-dependent effect +8

Human psychopharmacology and dose-effects of salvinorin A, a kappa opioid agonist hallucinogen present in the plant Salvia divinorum.

Drug and Alcohol Dependence May 1, 2011 Matthew W Johnson, Katherine A Maclean, Chad J Reissig et al. 134 citations

Salvinorin A is a potent, selective nonnitrogenous kappa opioid agonist and the known psychoactive constituent of Salvia divinorum, a member of the mint family that has been used for centuries by Mazatec shamans of Mexico for divination and spiritual healing. S. divinorum has over the last several years gained increased popularity as a recreational drug. This is a double-blind, placebo...

DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.005 Full text Salvinorin a Salvia divinorum Mystical experience Plant +20

Lack of sex differences to the subjective effects of nitrous oxide in healthy volunteers.

Drug and Alcohol Dependence December 1, 2010 James P Zacny, Jenny M Jun

Although numerous studies have assessed subjective effects of nitrous oxide, few studies have analyzed for sex differences. Since sex differences have been reported in subjective effects of several drugs such as opioids, nicotine and alcohol, we sought to determine if sex modulates the subjective effects of the inhalant, nitrous oxide, in healthy volunteers. Thirty-eight females and seventy-two...

DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.06.008 Full text

Use patterns and self-reported effects of Salvia divinorum: an internet-based survey.

Drug and Alcohol Dependence October 1, 2010 Matthew J. Baggott, Earth Erowid, Fire Erowid et al. 78 citations

There is growing use of Salvia divinorum (SD), a psychoactive plant that produces hallucinogen-like effects through a kappa opioid receptor (KOR) mechanism. Little is known about KOR agonist effects in humans and about users of SD. To characterize the reasons, methods, and reported consequences of SD use. Individuals reading SD-related pages of a drug-information website were invited to...

DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.05.003 Full text Salvia divinorum Psychoactive plant Psychoactive experience Acute effects +7

Assessment of addiction severity among ritual users of ayahuasca

Drug and Alcohol Dependence June 17, 2010 Josep María Fábregas, Débora González, Sabela Fondevila et al. 228 citations

Ayahuasca is a psychoactive beverage used for magico-religious purposes in the Amazon. Recently, Brazilian syncretic churches have helped spread the ritual use of ayahuasca abroad. This trend has raised concerns that regular use of this N,N-dimethyltryptamine-containing tea may lead to the medical and psychosocial problems typically associated with drugs of abuse. Here we assess potential drug...

DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.03.024 Ayahuasca Cannabis Addiction Psychosocial +2

Dimethyltryptamine (DMT): Subjective effects and patterns of use among Australian recreational users

Drug and Alcohol Dependence June 1, 2010 Vince Cakic, Jacob Potkonyak, Alex Marshall 73 citations

Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is an endogenous hallucinogen with traditional use as a sacrament in the orally active preparation of ayahuasca. Although the religious use of ayahuasca has been examined extensively, very little is known about the recreational use of DMT. In this study, Australian participants (n=121) reporting at least one lifetime use of DMT completed an online questionnaire...

DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.03.015 Ayahuasca Hallucinogen Context archaeology Recreational drug +1

Salvia divinorum: effects and use among YouTube users.

Drug and Alcohol Dependence April 1, 2010 James E Lange, Jason Daniel, Kestrel Homer et al. 85 citations

Salvia divinorum (salvia) is an intense, short-acting hallucinogenic plant gaining popularity among adolescents in the United States. There has been little scientific documentation of salvia's effects. The popular video-sharing website YouTube has received literally thousands of video-posts of people using salvia. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of salvia use through...

DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.11.010 Full text Salvia divinorum Potent hallucinogen Drug effects Intense effects +26

Is ecstasy a drug of dependence?

Drug and Alcohol Dependence February 1, 2010 Louisa Degenhardt, R. Bruno, Libby Topp

This paper examines the evidence for an MDMA or "ecstasy" dependence syndrome. Animal evidence suggests that MDMA may be a less potent reinforcer than other drugs, but that it does have dependence potential. This suggests that (a) ecstasy dependence might be less likely than dependence upon other drugs; and (b) factors related to the behavioural and psychological aspects of reward and...

DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.09.009 Full text

Choice of nitrous oxide and its subjective effects in light and moderate drinkers.

Drug and Alcohol Dependence November 1, 2008 James P Zacny, Diana J Walker, Lindsay M Derus

Alcohol-drinking status has been shown to modulate the reinforcing and subjective effects of a number of drugs. We have previously published two studies on the modulating effects of alcohol-drinking status on choice for, and subjective effects of, nitrous oxide, but the results were equivocal. Using a methodology different from our previous studies, we sought to determine in a more definitive...

DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.06.001 Full text

College student use of Salvia divinorum.

Drug and Alcohol Dependence April 1, 2008 James E Lange, Mark B Reed, Julie M Ketchie Croff et al. 79 citations

Salvia divinorum (salvia) is a plant that appears to be enjoying increased popularity as a legal hallucinogen in many U.S. jurisdictions. While the popular press has claimed that its use has become widespread, there have been no epidemiological studies published documenting this within the U.S. A sample of college students was randomly drawn from a large public university in the southwestern...

DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.10.018 Full text Salvia divinorum Drug prevalence

Pattern of use and subjective effects of Salvia divinorum among recreational users.

Drug and Alcohol Dependence November 8, 2006 Débora González, Jordi Riba, José Carlos Bouso et al. 163 citations

Salvia divinorum is a member of the Lamiaceae family and contains the psychotropic diterpene and kappa-opioid receptor agonist salvinorin-A. Originally a shamanic inebriant used by the Mexican Mazatec Indians, the plant and its preparations are becoming increasingly popular among non-traditional users. Demographic data and information on pattern of use and subjective effects were obtained by...

DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.04.001 Full text Salvia divinorum Diviner's sage Salvinorin-a Psychoactive effects +24

Within-subject comparison of the subjective and psychomotor effects of a gaseous anesthetic and two volatile anesthetics in healthy volunteers.

Drug and Alcohol Dependence January 4, 2006 Nancy J Beckman, James P Zacny, Diana J Walker

Inhalant abuse is a serious public health problem throughout the world. The present study compared the states of intoxication produced by three inhaled anesthetics that represent two of the three major classes of abused inhalants, as classified by [Balster, R.L., 1998. Neural basis of inhalant abuse. Drug Alcohol Depend 51, 207-214.]. Isoflurane and sevoflurane represent the class of volatile...

DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.06.002 Full text

Analysis of the reinforcing and subjective effects of different doses of nitrous oxide using a free-choice procedure.

Drug and Alcohol Dependence March 1, 2002 Diana J Walker, James P Zacny

The reinforcing and subjective effects of five doses of nitrous oxide (0, 10, 20, 30, 40% N(2)O in O(2)) were studied in 20 non-drug-abusers using a free-choice procedure. During each of five sessions, subjects sampled a dose of N(2)O and 100% O(2) (placebo) for 10 min each. Later they chose nine times, once every 5 min, among N(2)O (e.g. 'Agent A'), placebo (e.g. 'Agent B'), or a no-drug...

DOI: 10.1016/s0376-8716(01)00188-0 Full text

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