A set of mental skills and socio-emotional dispositions—including self-regulation of emotion and attention, self-representations, and prosocial traits like empathy and compassion—are central to 21st-century education. These qualities can be strengthened through systematic contemplative practice, which induces plastic changes in brain function and structure, supporting prosocial behavior and academic success in young people. The authors call for focused programmatic research to determine which forms and frequencies of practice are most efficacious for which children and adolescents, and to document the neural changes induced.
Research on mindfulness in schools is growing, mainly from psychology and prevention science. Evidence suggests school-based mindfulness programs can improve students' self-regulation, but effects on other outcomes across different ages are mixed. The current research has significant limitations, and wider critiques point to important future directions. The authors recommend improving experimental methods, expanding developmental research, and rethinking assumptions to build a more holistic, non-dualistic science grounded in relationships, culture, context, ethics, and development.
A professional development program combining self-compassion and mindfulness practices improved primary school teachers' well-being in the Czech Republic. Teachers who participated reported higher self-efficacy and self-compassion, and lower depression, anxiety, and emotional exhaustion immediately after the program compared to a control group. While the control group's subjective well-being worsened over the school year, the intervention group remained stable, suggesting a protective effect. The study involved 104 teachers from five schools, with outcomes measured before, immediately after, and five months following the program.
Universal school-based mindfulness training can benefit young people, but it is unclear who benefits most, how it works, and how implementation affects outcomes. A scoping review of 31 studies found mixed evidence on moderators such as age or gender. Five studies showed that increased mindfulness skills and reduced cognitive reactivity and self-criticism after training predicted better outcomes later. Twenty-five studies examined implementation factors, but methodological shortcomings limit conclusions. The authors propose a conceptual model to guide future research and theory development.