Neuroentropy (understood as the complexity or diversity of brain activity) has emerged as a possible quantitative marker of consciousness. This meta-analytic review synthesizes evidence from EEG, MEG, fMRI, intracranial recordings, and perturbation-based approaches (e.g., Perturbational Complexity Index) across 2013–2023. Findings show higher entropy during wakefulness, REM sleep, and...
Jurnal Kajian BaliDecember 5, 2025I. K. Donder, Ketut Sudarsana, I. Dewa et al.
This article aims to explain how the Balinese sakala-niskala (visible-invisible) as Parā Vidyā-Aparā Vidyā paradigm produces the spiritual vibrations that form the foundation of Bali's sustained international appeal. Utilizing a qualitative methodology, this research synthesizes classical Advaita Vedanta and modern Vibration Theory. The data includes ethnographic observations and systematic...
This paper argues that the moment-to-moment content of phenomenal consciousness is identical to whichever neural or mnemonic representation is, at that instant, transiently the most accessible given the system’s causal history and current embedding context. Building on Tulving’s distinction between availability and accessibility, together with empirical work on working-memory constraints,...
Active inference, a first-principles framework for modelling the behaviour of sentient agents, is beginning to be applied in consciousness research. One hypothesis arising from the framework is that active inference is necessary for changes in conscious content. As one component of an extensive adversarial collaboration among competing theories of consciousness, active inference will be...
Humphry Osmond coined the term ‘psychedelic’ in 1956, conjoining ‘psyche’ for ‘soul’ and ‘delic’ from ‘dêlos’ for ‘to manifest’ or ‘illuminate.’ Soul-illumination is an adjective that describes a psychological state or process. However, Osmond’s intention was to use the adjective to name— not just a state— but a category of drug that can induce the subjective effect as its principal action;...
Cognitive scientists of religion promise to lay bare the cognitive mechanisms that generate religious beliefs in human beings. Defenders of the debunking argument believe that the cognitive mechanisms studied in this field pose a threat to folk theism. A number of influential responses to the debunking argument rely on making two sets of distinctions: (1) proximate/ultimate explanations and (2)...
The intersection between quantum theory, metaphysical spirituality, and Indian‐inspired philosophy has an established place in speculative scientific and alternative religious communities alike. There is one term that has historically bridged these two worlds: “Akasha,” often translated as “ether.” Akasha appears both in metaphysical spiritual contexts, most often in ones influenced by...
We present a model of a fundamental property of consciousness as the capacity of a system to opt among presented alternatives. Any system possessing this capacity is “conscious” in some degree, whether or not it has the higher capacity of reflecting on its opting. We argue that quantum systems, composed of microphysical particles, as studied by quantum mechanics, possess this quality in a...
Understanding the neural correlates of consciousness remains a central challenge in neuroscience. In this study, we investigate the relationship between consciousness and neural responsiveness by analyzing intracranial electrocorticography recordings from nonhuman primates across three distinct states: wakefulness, anesthesia, and recovery. Using a nonequilibrium recurrent neural network (RNN)...
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into daily life has introduced unprecedented forms of human-machine interaction, prompting psychiatry to reconsider the boundaries between environment, cognition, and technology. This Viewpoint reviews the concept of "AI psychosis," which is a framework to understand how sustained engagement with conversational AI systems might trigger, amplify,...