Previous work has identified four correlated factors (depression phenotypes) using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)- Sadness, Negative Thoughts, detachment/Interest and Activity (IA), and Neurovegetative. We explored treatment responses to ketamine based on these 4 phenotypes in treatment resistant depression (TRD). This is a secondary analysis of data from an open-label...
This review examines ketamine's neurotoxic potential across preclinical and clinical studies. The authors synthesized data from preclinical models, then integrated findings from human clinical trials of esketamine and observational studies in recreational users. Animal studies have found that repeated or high-dose subanesthetic ketamine administration results in consistent excitotoxic neuronal...
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to comprehensively examine the real-world safety of esketamine using 58 months of postapproval data in the United States. METHODS U.S. safety data from patient monitoring forms submitted to the esketamine Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program and reports submitted to the Janssen U.S. Global Medical Safety (US-GMS) database were...
Angst og traumarelaterede lidelser,herunder generaliseret angstlidelse (GAD), obsessiv-kompulsiv lidelse (OCD), posttraumatisk stresslidelse (PTSD) og social angstlidelse (SAD), er meget udbredte og reagerer ofte dårligt på konventionel farmakologisk behandling og psykoterapi. Nyere kliniske forsøg har vist, at psykedeliske stoffer og ketamin kan udøve hurtige og vedvarende effekter gennem...
Ketamine， a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate （NMDA） receptor antagonist， has gained increasing attention for its rapid antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant depression （TRD） and suicidal ideation. Its mechanisms include NMDA receptor blockade， AMPA receptor activation， and upregulation of BDNF/mTOR signaling. Its enantiomers， esketamine and R-ketamine， as well as its metabolites，...
-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) blockade is crucial for the rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine, the involvement of other mechanisms remains contentious, particularly regarding the role of serotonin, a key neurotransmitter in the target of traditional antidepressants. Here, we demonstrate that ketamine elevates serotonin levels by inhibiting the serotonin transporter (SERT). A...
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has potent antidepressant effects yet can lead to neurocognitive side effects. Ketamine is a rapid-acting antidepressant, which may be an alternative to ECT. Few have directly compared the cognitive effects of ECT and ketamine treatment. We compared cognitive effects of intravenous ketamine and ECT in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD), collected...
Introduction: This is the first randomized controlled trial to use both qualitative and quantitative methods to evaluate the effects of a combined sensory intervention that included mindfulness, music, and a light-occluding eye mask during antidepressant-dose ketamine treatment for depression. Methods: Forty-three participants with unipolar depressive disorder enrolled in the study; 22...
CureusSeptember 2025Muhammad Abbas, David B Adams, Jack Noto et al.
Management of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is complex and frustrating for patients, requiring several treatment courses before (or without) achieving remission. This investigation aims to highlight and analyze real-world instances of using esketamine for patients with TRD who have failed electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Four case reports from a single Hackensack-Meridian care center are...
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) remains a major clinical challenge, affecting nearly one-third of individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) who fail to respond to standard antidepressant therapies. Esketamine, the S-enantiomer of ketamine, has emerged as a novel therapeutic option. Esketamine, initially introduced as an add-on therapy, has more recently also received recognition for...
INTRODUCTION Dysfunction in amygdala networks has been implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD). Pharmacological treatments, such as esketamine and sertraline, are believed to exert their antidepressant effects by modulating amygdalar activity. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between changes in dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) within amygdala subregions and treatment...
ABSTRACT Ketamine and esketamine are regularly prescribed in the United States as pharmaceutical interventions for treatment‐resistant depression. Although ketamine's mode of action is distinct from classic psychedelics, patients frequently report similar alterations in consciousness, including experiences described as spiritual or religious. This article provides an overview of the Ketamine...
INTRODUCTION Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) remains a major challenge in the management of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Esketamine, the S-enantiomer of ketamine and a glutamatergic modulator, has been approved by the FDA and EMA for TRD in 2019. Beyond its rapid antidepressant effects, esketamine may enhance neuroplasticity, facilitating the reconnection with emotional and cognitive...
Accumulating evidence indicates the role of ketamine as a rapid-onset antidepressant, with a rising controversy regarding its cognitive and psychotic effects, especially with long-term use. However, no previous experimental study has directly compared short-term and long-term ketamine effects using a time schedule that simulates infusion protocols in major depressive disorder patients. This...
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) remains a relevant issue in psychiatric practice, driving the exploration of innovative therapeutic alternatives. Ketamine and its enantiomer, esketamine, are emerging as treatments known for their effectiveness as rapid-acting antidepressants. Although previous comparative studies have highlighted some differences in their effects, they did not concurrently...
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) presents severe symptomology and often co-occurs with depression, warranting novel treatment approaches to address both conditions simultaneously. Ketamine has emerged as a rapid antidepressant and potential treatment for PTSD, with some real-world evidence for effectiveness regardless of comorbidities. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to explore...
Ketamine has been widely used since its discovery, and in addition to its anesthetic effects, in recent years it has been found to exhibit rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in rodent models and in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) at subanesthetic doses. The antidepressant mechanism of ketamine has also been intensively studied, involving glutamate receptors such as...
Although electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the standard treatment for Stage 2 or higher treatment-resistant depression, it has several drawbacks. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and intravenous racemic ketamine (IV ketamine) have emerged as potential alternatives, but their comparative effectiveness and safety remain unclear due to limited evidence. We systematically...
Neonatal glycine encephalopathy is a rare genetic neurometabolic disorder secondary to glycine cleavage system deficiency. Patients typically present with early-onset intractable seizures, status epilepticus and encephalopathy. Seizures control remains challenging in view of their refractoriness to standard anti-seizure medications. Sodium benzoate is commonly used to control the elevated...
Physiology & BehaviorSeptember 1, 2025Yiru Dong, Sebastian Goodwin-Groen, Jessie Ma et al.4 citations
The activity-based anorexia (ABA) animal model captures key maladaptive behaviors of anorexia nervosa - starvation-evoked hyperactivity, voluntary food restriction, severe weight loss and elevated anxiety-like behavior. By repeating ABA induction, the model reveals an animal's gain of resilience against ABA relapses and concomitant synaptic plasticity. We review findings on the efficacy of...