The measurement problem in quantum mechanics challenges our understanding of reality, demanding explanations beyond both Copenhagen's "collapse" and the Many-Worlds' ontological multiplicity. This paper introduces and formalizes the Ze framework as a novel synthesis of Relational Quantum Mechanics (RQM) and the Active Inference paradigm from theoretical neuroscience. Ze posits that quantum...
ElifeJanuary 13, 2026Colin Bredenberg, Fabrice Normandin, Blake Richards et al.
Classical psychedelics induce complex visual hallucinations in humans, generating percepts that are coherent at a low level, but which have surreal, dream-like qualities at a high level. While there are many hypotheses as to how classical psychedelics could induce these effects, there are no concrete mechanistic models that capture the variety of observed effects in humans, while remaining...
Consciousness is fundamentally a process of selection, a continuous "collapse" from a manifold of potential states into a singular, coherent narrative. This article introduces the Ze formalism, a theoretical framework that models this process through a cognitive localization parameter, Γ_Ze. We posit that the critical distinction between wakefulness and sleep is not the presence of...
Newcomb's Paradox is a fascinating puzzle that has baffled philosophers and decision theorists for over half a century. It presents a scenario in which logic seems to split into two opposing paths, each with compelling arguments in its favor. This essay will not only explain the problem simply but also reveal an original solution inspired by Eastern philosophy and the experience of lucid...
In this paper, I will delve into Evan Thompson’s analysis of dream experiences, which has challenged philosophers and scholars in the past. Many thinkers argue that dreams are not conscious experiences; there is an opposite view in which philosophers still argue for dreams as conscious phenomena. The paper primarily focuses on the hypothesis: ‘Thompson’s explication of dreams as conscious...
BackgroundDelirium is a common and serious complication in critically ill and surgical patients, associated with increased morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, and long-term cognitive impairment. Ketamine and esketamine have been proposed as potential protective agents due to their anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and NMDA receptor-blocking properties.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and...
This paper argues that consciousness is better modeled as a primitive feature of reality than as an emergent property of neural activity. The standard generation model—the assumption that physical configurations produce subjective experience—faces persistent explanatory difficulties, most notably the binding problem and the explanatory gap between objective process and subjective quality....
Psychedelics lead to profound changes in subjective experience and behaviour, which are typically conceptualised in psychological terms rather than corresponding to an altered brain state or a distinct state of vigilance. Here, we performed chronic electrophysiological recordings from the neocortex concomitant with pupillometry in freely moving adult male mice following an injection of a...
Conscious experience depends on the coordinated activity of neural processes that span multiple scales: from synapses to whole-brain dynamics. A recently introduced measure, dynamical independence (DI), identifies, characterises, and quantifies these multi-scale relationships using an information-theoretic dimensionality reduction approach. Here, we use DI to examine changes in the emergent...
This paper introduces the Coded Resonance Theory (CRT), a novel framework comprising a unique Storage Architecture, Retrieval Mechanism, and Systemic Logic designed to decipher the mechanics of human consciousness, Self, Dream and Telepathy. The theory proposes that Consciousness is the active transformative process that converts Alertness into Awareness—a massless, "photon-type" data product...