The Language of Thought Hypothesis (LOTH) posits that mental states operate through a language-like representational system physically implemented in the brain. However, this purely symbolic approach faces a significant limitation: certain mental phenomena—such as intuitions, emotions, and intentions—lack the syntactically compositional structure required by LOTH and therefore cannot be...
As Zen Buddhism continues into its second century in the United States, the practices and philosophies transmitted have gone through major, though necessary transformations. At present, the vast majority of Zen temples and centers are “convert” communities that have over time adjusted language, ritual, and tradition to suit pastoral and theological needs. This article lays out a blueprint for a...
Abstract This chapter addresses concerns that have been raised concerning any project that seeks to “naturalize” Buddhism. One major concern is that the embrace of physicalism would render the karma-rebirth ideology highly implausible. Another concern is that physicalism’s illusionism would seem to be incompatible with the central role of meditation in Buddhist practice, given the common...
Abstract This chapter examines the foundations of Buddhist metaphysics in the teachings of the Buddha and his immediate disciples. It introduces the Buddhist soteriological project—to bring about the cessation of existential suffering—and the role played by the exercise of philosophical rationality in that project. Central to the Buddha’s diagnosis of the origins of suffering is the doctrine of...
Abstract Indian Buddhist philosophers uniformly rejected physicalism, the view that everything is physical in nature, in favor of either a dualist or an idealist ontology. This work explores the question of whether this stance can be justified in light of our current understanding of the natural world and our place in it. Might physicalism be compatible with Buddhism? It explores the...
Abstract This chapter discusses the place of consciousness in early Buddhism and Abhidharma. All schools of classical Indian Buddhism hold that consciousness is ultimately real, a claim a physicalist Buddhism would have to deny. The question is raised whether a non-egological account of consciousness can be formulated in a way that is consistent with the metaphysical scruples shaping the...
This paper examines recent empirical research on the psychedelic experience and makes sense of the current literature in terms of ontic structural realism, a position in the metaphysics of science which holds that relations are fundamental. This interpretation is maintained by first providing a philosophical framework for the varieties of self-transcendent experiences by implementing a notion...
This chapter turns to contemporary debates in the philosophy of mind, opening a dialogue with the Indo-Tibetan Buddhist tradition of self-awareness. Engaging recent perspectives alongside their conceptual foundations, it explores whether traditional accounts may offer fresh and transformative cross-cultural insights into the reflexive nature of consciousness.
Background and Relevance: This article investigates the concept of the illusory nature of the world and the phenomenon of the present moment as core principles of Zen Buddhism that shape a radically non-conceptual mode of being and an alternative construction of reality. The relevance of the research stems from the increasing scholarly interest in challenging dominant Western ontological and...
While there exists a large body of research on the possibility of measuring certain aspects of human development, what might be called inner development has mostly been neglected, in particular as it pertains to advanced meditation. A central aspect of this kind of development, which we call meditative development, is associated with access to bliss, peace, wisdom, and the reduction of...
Death recollection is a form of mindfulness meditation that orients a practitioner's calm attention toward an awareness of death. This meditation is practiced by Theravada Buddhists of all ages throughout Thailand. This research investigates how recollecting death influences Thai teenager mental health. Purposive and convenience sampling methods were used to recruit participants from five...
Background: Childhood anxiety and stress are increasingly prevalent issues worldwide, having effects on cognitive growth and emotional health. Although standard interventions are available, greater interest is being sparked in culturally sensitive, non-invasive approaches. This research investigated the application of Buddhist meditation practices to alleviate stress and anxiety in children...
Background: Child abuse is a widespread issue affecting millions of children worldwide. It can take the form of physical, emotional, or sexual abuse and often leads to lasting psychological harm. Addressing the emotional and mental health needs of survivors is crucial for their long-term well-being. This study explores how Buddhist meditation can help promote psychological healing and...
This paper considers the practice of immeasurable joy (muditā) as presented in the so-called Yogalehrbuch, a seventh century Sanskrit “yoga manual” from Qïzïl, on the northern rim of the Tarim Basin. It demonstrates that the author of the text, whose purpose is to describe the journey of a yogin on the path to the awakening of a Bodhisattva, relied on some version of the *Vibhāṣā, the...
The psychoactive plant Datura metel appears across a range of traditions in premodern South Asia preserved in texts. Among those traditions is the form of tantric Buddhism (Vajrayāna) located in the yoginī tantras. In Vajrayāna works, the plant is most prominently used in instructions for bringing about one or more of the magical acts (ṣaṭkarman). This paper explores the possibility that datura...
Buddhist amulets have been a topic of academic research for decades. But scholarly presuppositions that amulets have circulated primarily in popular Buddhist milieus, related only tangentially to the pursuits of elite practitioners, has limited our appreciation of how amulets have inflected philosophical and contemplative concerns. This article aims to challenge this lopsided perspective by...
Contemporary Buddhist meditators in the West are likely to find themselves engaged in practices with rich associations with both religious and scientific worldviews. Meditation-related challenges can provoke existential concerns that make unexplored relationships between religious and scientific worldviews more important and explicit for Western Buddhist meditators, who may turn to both...
This paper is a proposal for analyzing the Pārāyanavagga as a text that fundamentally expresses a theory of intentionality in early Buddhism. Through a comparison with Husserl’s phenomenology and Peirce’s phaneroscopy, the paper argues that the contents of the Pārāyanavagga—as reintroduced in later suttas that further develop these reflections and which will be analyzed in depth—reveal how...
“Meditation means dissolving the invisible walls that unaware has built” This is said by the well-known spiritual Master Sadhguru. With this, he is suggesting that meditation means going beyond all barriers, conditionings and labels. Not only him, but all those who practice meditation and/or engaged with it in the same way or the other echo the same feeling that meditation takes you closer to...
ABSTRACT Thai religious and ritual life is diverse and dynamic, drawing on a wide range of influences including Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism, Brahmanism and spirit cults. A notable feature of Thai religiosity is its productivity, with a continual increase in the number of new spiritual figures at the centre of devotional cults that often have no direct precedents in established forms of...