RETRACTED: Long-term systemic treatment with lysergic acid diethylamide causes retinal damage in CD1 mice
H. Jiang, H. Xu
Human & Experimental Toxicology November 25, 2018 Retracted DOI: 10.1177/0960327118814162 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Controlled animal experiment Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Population | CD1 mice |
| Intervention | LSD |
| Dose | 0.1 mg/kg or 0.2 mg/kg daily |
| Duration | 2 months |
| Measures | Electroretinography (ERG), Hematoxylin and eosin staining, Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP Nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, Real-time PCR, western blot |
| Topics | LSD |
| Key findings | Two months of daily low-dose LSD (0.1 or 0.2 mg/kg) in CD1 mice caused retinal damage, shown by decreased electroretinography responses and increased apoptotic photoreceptor cells. The authors attribute this to increased oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, suggesting these as potential mechanisms of LSD-induced retinal toxicity. |
Abstract
As a classical hallucinogen with high potential for abuse, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) can cause long-lasting abnormalities in retina, but little is known about the exact mechanism. This study was to investigate effects of long-term systemic treatment of LSD at low dose on retinal damage and understand the underlying mechanisms. CD1 mice were treated intraperitoneally with 0.1 mg/kg or 0.2 mg/kg LSD daily for 2 months, mice treated with saline as negative control. Electroretinography (ERG) was used to test the retinal function after LSD treatment. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to show the retinal morphology and evaluate the loss of photoreceptor cells. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP Nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was used to detect the apoptotic cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to show the oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Real-time PCR and western blot were applied to measure the gene and protein change to explore the underlying mechanisms. Results demonstrated that 2 months treatment with LSD caused retinal damage, evidenced by decreased ERG response and increased apoptotic photoreceptor cells through increasing oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Our study indicated that long-term systemic administration of LSD caused neurotoxic effects on retinas of CD1 mice, suggesting the potential mechanisms for the retina damage caused by LSD abuse.
Comparable studies
Other preclinical and animal studies on LSD, most cited first.
Citations in the library
Cites 8
- The Pharmacology of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: A Review CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics November 11, 2008
- Clinical toxicology of newer recreational drugs Clinical Toxicology October 1, 2011
- Persistent Palinopsia Following Ingestion of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) Archives of Ophthalmology 1996
- Acute LSD effects on response inhibition neural networks Psychological Medicine October 2, 2017
- Lysergic acid diethylamide: a drug of ‘use’? Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology March 23, 2016
and 3 more in the library