My findings show what causes loss of awareness, anesthesia, memory replay, opioid induced respiratory depression (OIRD), and slow-wave sleep (SWS). Opiates are fast pain relievers and anesthetics that can cause respiratory arrest. I found how mu-opioids and anesthetics by activating medial habenula (MHb) and/or interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) induce unawareness and slowdown respiration. MHb...
Interest in “psychedelic therapies,” using substances such as ketamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and psilocybin to treat psychiatric conditions, has grown steadily in recent years. Although pharmacologically distinct and functioning via differential mechanisms, these drugs are broadly classified as hallucinogenic, meaning they are thought to produce hallucinations. However,...
Depression is a prevalent and heterogeneous disorder with significant personal and social consequences. The rise of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) challenges traditional approaches and underscores the need for a broader neurobiological perspective. When monoaminergic modulation proves insufficient, clinical guidelines increasingly turn to non-monoaminergic interventions such as...
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe, often difficult-to-treat condition, highlighting the need for innovative therapies. Interventional treatments, including neuromodulation, rapid-acting pharmacotherapies such as intravenous ketamine (IV-KET) and esketamine (ESK), and emerging psychedelic-assisted psychotherapies, offer promising solutions. This systematic review evaluates the...
Drug addiction, a disorder characterized by chronic relapse and compulsive drug use, poses a significant threat to public safety and human health. Addictive substances can be categorized as natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic based on their origin. Additionally, they can be classified into three groups according to their pharmacological targets: opioids, hallucinogens, and cannabinoids that...
Abstract Background Maladaptive motivational memory (MMM) is the term given to a learned association between environmental predictors of reward (cues) and the receipt of rewarding stimuli (reward). A key characteristic of MMMs is that they drive excessive consumption behaviours in a variety of disorders such as substance use disorders (SUDs) and behavioural addictions. MMMs underlie the...
Abstract Background Psychedelics have long been explored as potential treatments for mental illnesses. Since the mid-20th century, clinical trials of psychedelics such as LSD for depression and anxiety in terminally ill patients have been conducted. In the 21st century, revived and accelerated efforts to promote the proper use of psychedelics in the medical field have led to increasingly...
Abstract Background Numerous data indicates that hallucinogens from various groups such as ketamine, scopolamine or psilocybin exert rapid antidepressant effects in both preclinical and clinical studies. Group II glutamate (mGlu) metabotropic receptor antagonists also show rapid antidepressant efficacy in animal studies, moreover we have shown that mGluR2/3 antagonist, LY341495 is able to...
Neurologic ClinicsAugust 1, 2025Pravarakhya Puppalla, Tara Menon Pattilachan, Rodrigo Salmeron de Toledo Aguiar et al.2 citations
This article explores the complexities of pain management, highlighting the multidimensional nature of pain, which encompasses affective, cognitive, and sensory experiences. The study examines the future of acute and chronic pain management through a thorough review of 3424 articles, ultimately including 143 relevant studies. Key findings indicate progress in treatment algorithms, novel...
El tusi o tusibí es una sustancia psicoactiva de composición variable que ha sido erróneamente asociada con la 2C-B y denominada “cocaína rosa” en discursos policiales y mediáticos. Su uso se ha expandido desde Colombia hacia América Latina, Europa y España, especialmente en contextos recreativos. Aunque la prevalencia general es baja, estudios realizados entre 2020 y 2024 muestran un notable...