Exploring Visceral Body Scan, Somatosensory Body Scan, and External Meditation: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study
Lorena Desdentado, Marta Miragall, Ausiàs Cebolla, Roberto Llorens, Catherine I. Andreu, Diana Burychka, Reneta Slavkova, Rosa M Baños
Mindfulness September 1, 2025 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-025-02631-7 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Pilot randomized controlled trial Pilot study Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 48 |
| Population | Community-based adults recruited from social networks |
| Interventions | Visceral body scan Somatosensory body scan External (non-body) meditation |
| Duration | 1-week online intervention |
| Topics | Anxiety Meditation |
| Keywords | Randomized controlled trial Psychological intervention Intervention counseling Mindfulness meditation Adverse effect Physical therapy Clinical psychology Somatosensory system |
| Registration | NCT06237530 |
| Key findings | Feasibility of online-delivered mindfulness practices was moderate, with preliminary effects suggesting visceral body scan may reduce attention to unpleasant bodily sensations and both visceral and somatosensory body scans may decrease dampening of positive emotions. |
Abstract
Abstract Objectives This study aimed to (1) investigate the feasibility of three online-delivered mindfulness practices that emphasize different types of attentional focus: visceral body scan (VBS), somatosensory body scan (SBS), and external (non-body) meditation (ECM), and (2) gain insight into the potential effects of these interventions on interoceptive and other psychological outcomes.
Method: A pilot randomized controlled trial was conducted in a community-based sample recruited from social networks. It consisted of a 1-week online intervention of either VBS, SBS, or ECM. Feasibility measures included the study retention rate, adherence, mindfulness practice quality, mindfulness-related adverse effects, and acceptability. Several questionnaires on interoceptive, mindfulness, and emotional outcomes were administered before and after the intervention.
Results: A total of 48 adult individuals were enrolled. The retention rate was 66.20% and the adherence to the meditation practice was 56.53%. Acceptability and quality of the mindfulness practice were moderate, and most participants reported no adverse effects. We found some preliminary effects related to specific conditions (e.g., VBS was related to a decrease in attention to unpleasant bodily sensations), while other trends were found to be common among several conditions (e.g., VBS and SBS were associated with a preliminary decrease in the level of dampening of positive emotions).
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that improvements in feasibility are needed before this study design can be applied in larger-scale research. Hence, some refinements for the study protocol are proposed. Implications and future directions for this area of research are also discussed. Preregistration This study was retrospectively registered in ClinicalTrials.gov on 31 January 2024 (NCT06237530).
Comparable studies
Other randomized controlled trials on meditation, most cited first.
| Study | Year | Design | Participants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alterations in Brain and Immune Function Produced by Mindfulness Meditation Healthy employees in a work environment | 2003 | Randomized controlled trial | n = 41 |
| Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Recovered recurrently depressed patients | 2000 | Randomized controlled trial | n = 145 |
| Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Working adults | 2008 | Randomized controlled trial | n = 139 |
| Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation Undergraduate Chinese students | 2007 | Randomized controlled trial | n = 40 |
| Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression: Replication and Exploration of Differential Relapse Prevention Effects. Recovered recurrently depressed patients | 2004 | Randomized controlled trial | n = 73 |
Citations in the library
Cites 24
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- Interoception, contemplative practice, and health Frontiers in Psychology June 9, 2015
- Brief mindfulness training for negative affectivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology June 25, 2018
- Mindfulness and psychological process. Emotion February 1, 2010
- Monitoring mindfulness practice quality: An important consideration in mindfulness practice Psychotherapy Research October 9, 2012
and 19 more in the library