Clinical Chemistry
October 1, 2025
Stephanie Marco
Abstract Background Psychedelic and dissociative drugs, including psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and ketamine, have garnered significant interest for their therapeutic potential in treating various mental health disorders. However, their psychoactive properties pose substantial risks when used in contexts requiring unimpaired cognitive...
Clinical Chemistry
October 1, 2025
Se Yeon Oh, Kim Pham, Rajendra Singh et al.
Abstract Background Ketamine is a synthetic, nonbarbiturate and rapid-acting dissociative anesthetic that is indicated for use in both human and veterinary surgical procedures. Ketamine is a Schedule III substance under the United States Controlled Substances Act for its potential for abuse and risk of dependence. Ketamine is structurally and pharmacologically similar to phencyclidine (PCP),...
Clinical Chemistry
October 1, 2025
P. Gyawali, C. Suthaharen, J. Chung
Nitrous oxide (N2O or laughing gas) has been used for many legitimate medical, commercial, and industrial purposes. Recreational use of N2O via ‘Whippit’ or ‘nangs’ is on the rise. Prolonged use of N2O can very rapidly cause functional inactivation of Vitamin B12, leading to disabling neuropsychiatric sequelae. Early diagnosis and vitamin B12 replacement is critical to reducing residual...
Clinical Chemistry
March 7, 2023
Steven W. Cotten, Frederick G. Strathmann, Frederick S. Barrett et al.
The clinical evaluation of hallucinogens and other small molecules, conventionally termed psychedelics, has seen a dramatic increase in the past 5 years. Several key clinical trials recently demonstrated the potential efficacy of these compounds in treating a variety of mental health conditions including depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Concurrently, the business and patent...
Clinical Chemistry
June 30, 2017
Marilyn A. Huestis, Simon D. Brandt, Suman Rana et al.
42 citations
Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) have been a part of the landscape of clinical and forensic toxicology for over a century, beginning with the introduction of a few new drugs like heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and gammahydroxybutyric acid (GHB). However, after the appearance of synthetic cannabinoids in the early 2000’s there was a rapid...
Clinical Chemistry
October 7, 2011
Andrea E. Schwaninger, Markus R Meyer, Allan J. Barnes et al.
33 citations
BACKGROUND 3,4-Methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is excreted in human urine as unchanged drug and phase I and II metabolites. Previous urinary excretion studies after controlled oral MDMA administration have been performed only after conjugate cleavage. Therefore, we investigated intact MDMA glucuronide and sulfate metabolite excretion. METHODS We used LC–high-resolution MS and GC-MS to...
Clinical Chemistry
January 23, 2009
Allan J. Barnes, Bruno Spinosa de Martinis, David A. Gorelick et al.
38 citations
Abstract Background: Understanding the excretion of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and metabolites in sweat is vital for interpretation of sweat tests in drug treatment, criminal justice, and workplace programs. Methods: Placebo, low (1.0 mg/kg), and high (1.6 mg/kg) doses of oral MDMA were given double-blind in random order to healthy volunteers (n = 15) with histories of MDMA use....
Clinical Chemistry
December 19, 2007
Erin A Kolbrich, Ross H. Lowe, Marilyn A. Huestis
36 citations
Abstract Background: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or Ecstasy) is a popular recreational drug. Analysis of MDMA and metabolites in human plasma, particularly in pharmacokinetic studies, requires low limits of quantification. Two-dimensional GC/MS with cryofocusing is a chromatographic technique recognized for its increased selectivity and resolution. Methods: This method...
Clinical Chemistry
March 2, 2007
Frank T. Peters, Nele Samyn, Thomas Kræmer et al.
36 citations
Abstract Background: Enantioselective analysis of amphetamine (AM), methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) helps interpret toxicological results. Methods have been described for various matrices, but so far not for oral fluid, a matrix of increasing importance in testing for drugs of...
Clinical Chemistry
July 20, 2006
Stéphane Pirnay, T. T. Abraham, Marilyn A. Huestis
29 citations
Abstract Background: A sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous measurement of MDEA, MDMA, and its metabolites, 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or Ecstasy), and its metabolites, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and...
Clinical Chemistry
August 11, 2005
Frank T. Peters, Nele Samyn, C. T. J. Lamers et al.
49 citations
Abstract Background: The enantiomers of the designer drugs 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) differ in their pharmacologic and toxicologic potency. The aim of this study was to develop an assay for measuring these enantiomers in small plasma volumes and to analyze samples from a controlled study with...
Clinical Chemistry
September 1, 2002
Gisela Skopp, Lucia Pötsch, Rainer Mattern et al.
37 citations
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is one of the most potent hallucinogenic agents known. Recently, data on emergency department episodes related to the use of drugs commonly thought as “club drugs” have also included LSD (1). Confirmation of LSD use by testing biological fluids is still an analytical challenge because of its extensive, rapid metabolism and its instability (2)(3)(4). After...
Clinical Chemistry
October 1, 2001
Mèonica Navarro, Simona Pichini, Magí Farré et al.
135 citations
Abstract Background: Saliva is an alternative biologic matrix for drugs-of-abuse testing that offers the advantages of noninvasive, rapid, and easy sampling. We studied the excretion profile of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its metabolites in both saliva and plasma, as well the effect of the drug on salivary pH. Methods: Saliva and plasma samples were obtained from eight healthy...
Clinical Chemistry
December 1, 2000
Karine M. Clauwaert, Jan F. van Bocxlaer, Els A. de Letter et al.
68 citations
Abstract Background: The popular designer drugs 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) can be determined in serum, whole blood, and urine, but also in vitreous humor. The latter matrix is interesting when dealing with decomposed bodies in a toxicological setting. Methods: After extraction, chromatographic separation was achieved on a narrow-bore...
Clinical Chemistry
July 1, 1999
John K. Fallon, Andrew T. Kicman, J. A. Henry et al.
137 citations
Abstract Background: Little is known concerning the enantioselective disposition of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) in humans. In addition, the potential of utilizing the stereochemical composition of an analyte in biological media for forensic purposes requires investigation. Methods: The enantiomers of MDMA and its demethylated metabolite, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine...
Clinical Chemistry
May 1, 1998
Sarah Kerrigan, Donald. E. Brooks
6 citations
AbstractA new antibody to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was used to develop a novel indirect ELISA for the quantification of drug in urine. Evaluation of the new assay with the commercially available LSD ELISA (STC Diagnostics) shows improved performance. The test requires 50 μL of urine, which is used to measure concentrations of drug in the μg/L to ng/L range. The limit of detection was 8...
Clinical Chemistry
April 1, 1997
Detlef Ritter, Cherise M Cortese, Linda C Edwards et al.
24 citations
Abstract We found a high rate (4.2%) of positive results for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) by Emit in 1898 urine samples that were submitted primarily from psychiatric patients for drugs-of-abuse (DOA) testing. Specimens that tested positive for LSD by Emit subsequently tested negative for LSD with two RIAs. Furthermore, LSD was not detected in randomly selected Emit-positive urine samples...
Clinical Chemistry
May 1, 1988
José Manuel Ramos, Robert L. Fitzgerald, Alphonse Poklis
10 citations
Journal Article MDMA and MDA cross reactivity observed with Abbott TDx amphetamine/methamphetamine reagents. Get access J M Ramos, Jr, J M Ramos, Jr Dept. of Pathol., Med. College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R L Fitzgerald, R L Fitzgerald Dept. of Pathol., Med. College of Virginia,...
Clinical Chemistry
February 1, 1977
W A Ratcliffe, S.m. Fletcher, A.c. Moffat et al.
38 citations
Abstract We raised high-titre antisera to two LSD-bovine serum albumin conjugates, one linked via the indole nitrogen, the other via the amide side-chain. The antisera were specific for different parts of the LSD molecule, as demonstrated by cross-reactivity studies with LSD, its metabolites, ergot alkoloids, and closely related compounds. The antisera were used to develop a double-antibody...