ISSN 0031-5125
117 papers in the library · 1,889 citations · publishing 1964-2026
Perceptual and Motor Skills June 1, 2026 Robert A. King
An out-of-body experience (OBE) can be defined as having the impression of being consciously aware and out of one's physical body in an extrapersonal location. Recent research has suggested that OBEs are often a response to physical and/or psychological threat. However, because the OBE does not occur for everyone even when in the same type of threatening situation, it has been further...
Perceptual and Motor Skills June 1, 2021 Jennifer Meggs, Mark Chen 15 citations
Mindfulness-acceptance commitment interventions in sport and exercise contexts have been helpful to increasing a positive psycho-physiological state among competitive athletes and recreational exercise participants. In the current study, we sought to extend research in this area by identifying the effect of a brief-mindfulness intervention on psychophysiological functioning among healthy but...
Perceptual and Motor Skills June 1, 2018 Denholm J Adventure-Heart, Natasha A Madden, Paul Delfabbro
Anecdotal evidence indicates that supplementation with vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) before bed can enhance dream vividness and recall. In a single pilot study, Ebben, Lequerica, and Spielman (2002) found that vitamin B6 had a dose-dependent effect of increasing scores on a composite measure of dream vividness, bizarreness, emotionality, and color. The present research replicated this study using a...
Perceptual and Motor Skills February 1, 2011 Michael Schredl, Daniel Erlacher 81 citations
Lucid dreams occur when a person is aware that he is dreaming while he is dreaming. In a representative sample of German adults (N = 919), 51% of the participants reported that they had experienced a lucid dream at least once. Lucid dream recall was significantly higher in women and negatively correlated with age. However, these effects might be explained by the frequency of dream recall, as...
Perceptual and Motor Skills August 1, 2010 Svend Davanger, Øyvind Ellingsen, Are Holen et al.
Some of the most popular meditation practices emphasize a relaxed focus of attention in which thoughts, images, sensations, and emotions may emerge and pass freely without actively controlling or pursuing them. Several recent studies show that meditation activates frontal brain areas associated with attention focusing and physical relaxation. The objective of the present study was to assess...
Perceptual and Motor Skills June 1, 2009 Michael Schredl
The effects of sociodemographic variables on dream recall frequencies were investigated in a representative sample. Analysis indicated that age, sex, social class, and the size of the place of residence showed small but significant effects on the frequency of positively toned and neutral dreams. Women and inhabitants of large cities tended to report dreams more often than men and residents of...
Perceptual and Motor Skills June 1, 2008 Michael Schredl
The present study investigated the effects of sociodemographic variables on dream recall frequencies in a representative sample of 931 persons over 14 years of age. Analyses indicated that age, sex, and the size of the place of residence had small but significant effects: women and inhabitants of large cities tend to report dreams more often than men and residents of small towns. There was also...
Perceptual and Motor Skills April 1, 2008 Michael Schredl, Iris Reinhard
Longer sleep duration should be related to dream recall (longer REM sleep), but previous findings regarding the relationship between habitual sleep duration and dream recall frequency have been conflicting, whereas experimental manipulation of sleep duration yielded a significant effect. The analysis of diaries kept by the 444 participants over 14 days indicated that intra-individual...
Perceptual and Motor Skills October 1, 2007 Michael Schredl
Whereas the effect of sex and age on dream recall have been studied widely, socioeconomic status has rarely been investigated. However, two studies reported that higher socioeconomic status was related to greater frequency of dream recall. In the present sample of 612 Chinese students from three different schools, one elite (high socioeconomic status), one rural (low socioeconomic status) and...
Perceptual and Motor Skills February 1, 2007 Gary Groth‐marnat, Hennedy Howchar, Ali Marsh
Research with animals and humans has suggested that acute and subacute use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA “ecstasy”) may lead to memory impairment. However, research is limited by (1) low power due to small sample sizes, (2) the possible confound of polydrug use, and (3) the failure to consider intelligence as a covariate. The present study compared the memory performance on the...
Perceptual and Motor Skills December 1, 2006 Michael Schredl, Heiko Sartorius
The present study investigated frequency of dream recall in children and their mothers. Overall, 88 mothers ( M age: 38.7 yr., SD = 5.0) and their children (45 girls, 43 boys; M age: 9.9 yr., SD = 1.3) participated. A small but significant positive Pearson correlation of .19 between the frequency of dreams reported by mothers and by their children is consistent with Cohen's 1973 hypothesis of a...
Perceptual and Motor Skills August 1, 2006
A conceptual replication of the link between self-reported dissociative alterations in body-image under experimental conditions and the reporting of prior out-of-body experiences in a recent data set was undertaken. Also examined was whether this relationship would hold for experiences reported during the experimental context and whether it is independent of self-reported New Age belief. Data...
Perceptual and Motor Skills June 1, 2006 Michael Schredl, Claudia Barthold, Josepha Zimmer
The present study investigated dream recall as well as nightmare frequency in families. Whereas a positive correlation for nightmare frequencies between children and mothers was found (but not for children and their fathers), the relationship for dream recall frequency was small and nonsignificant. Assuming that mothers are still the primary caregivers in the modern family, and, thus, might...
Perceptual and Motor Skills February 1, 2006 Michael Schredl, Stephany Fulda, Iris Reinhard
There is ongoing debate on whether the full moon is associated with sleep and dreaming. The analysis of diaries kept by the participants ( N = 196) over 28 to 111 nights showed no association of a full moon and dream recall. Psychological factors might explain why some persons associate a full moon with increased dream recall.
Perceptual and Motor Skills October 1, 2005 Michael Schredl, Stephany Fulda
Previous research regarding the relationship between habitual sleep duration and frequency of dream recall yielded conflicting results, whereas experimental manipulation of sleep duration showed a significant effect on dream recall. In this study analyzing both effects simultaneously, the findings from diaries kept by the 196 participants over 28 to 111 days indicated that intra-individual...
Perceptual and Motor Skills February 1, 2005
In a sample of 71 medical students, dream recall frequency was positively correlated with proneness to altered states of consciousness ( r = .26) measured by the State of Mind and Consciousness Questionnaire and dissociation ( r = .29) measured by the Dissociative Experiences Scale II. A regression analysis, however, yielded neither altered states of consciousness nor dissociation, sex, or age...
Perceptual and Motor Skills December 1, 2004 Barry A Tanner
A 23-yr.-old young woman presenting with a 17-yr. history of nightmares was treated with a variety of behavioral and self-regulatory techniques. The nightmares were unusual in that they did not have an obviously common theme as in most published reports, and, therefore, did not readily lend themselves to several frequently used techniques. Although previous treatment episodes had not affected...
Perceptual and Motor Skills December 1, 2004 Daniel Erlacher, Michael Schredl
The present study investigated the relationship between the time required for specific tasks (counting and performing squats) in lucid dreams and in the waking state. Five proficient lucid dreamers (26-34 yr. old, M=29.8, SD=3.0; one woman and four men) participated. Analysis showed that the time needed for counting in a lucid dream is comparable to the time needed for counting in wakefulness,...
Perceptual and Motor Skills June 1, 2004 Michael Schredl
Dream recall frequency varies widely between people as well as within individuals. To explore the relationship between dream recall frequency and trait variables such as personality dimensions, a measure of stable interindividual differences is necessary. In the present study ( N = 198 patients with sleep disorders; 115 women, 83 men; M age = 45.8 ± 15.3 yr.) a high retest reliability of the...
Perceptual and Motor Skills August 1, 2002 Tammy T. Nguyen, Samara Madrid, Hazel Marquez et al.
Using the self-reports of 300 university students, we replicated and extended the results of a 1971 study of Hersen by demonstrating a significant relationship between both nightmare frequency and nightmare distress with two dimensions of anxiety. Our results are not consistent with the 1990 findings of Wood and Bootzin who concluded that both nightmare frequency and nightmare distress were not...
Perceptual and Motor Skills December 1, 2000 Hitoshi Okada, Kazuo Matsuoka, Takao Hatakeyama
The purpose was to investigate the relationship between dream-recall frequency and waking imagery, so 323 undergraduates completed four imagery tests: (1) Sheehan's modified version of Betts' Questionnaire on Mental Imagery, (2) Marks' Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire, (3) the Gordon Test of Visual Imagery Control, (4) Richardson's Verbalizer-Visualizer Questionnaire, and a...
Perceptual and Motor Skills April 1, 1999 Michael Schredl
The present study investigated the linear as well as nonlinear relationships between scores on selected dream content scales and dream length. Analysis indicated that biases due to control solely for the linear components are almost negligible.
Perceptual and Motor Skills April 1, 1999 Mitsuo Hayashi, Kohich Katoh, Tadao Hori
The relationships between hypnagogic imagery and EEG activity were studied. 7 subjects (4 women and 3 men) teported the content of hypnagogic imagety every minute and the hypnagogic EEGs were classified into 5 stages according to Hori's modified criteria. The content of the hypnagogic imagery changed as a function of the hypnagogic EEG stages.
Perceptual and Motor Skills October 1, 1998 M. A. Persinger
While sitting alone in complete darkness, 3 participants who had ingested psychotropic concentrations of lysergic acid diethylamide reported diffuse blobs of white, purplish, or greenish-yellow lights as two horseshoe magnets rotated at 0.5 Hz. The experiences were not reported when the magnets were stationary or removed from the apparatus. The estimated peak-to-peak variation in field strength...
Perceptual and Motor Skills April 1, 1998 Michael Schredl
The present study investigated the stability and variability, respectively, of selected dream content measures derived from diary dreams. The within-subject correlations were small when dream length was controlled. To obtain sufficient reliability for all scales dream series of 20 dreams or more would be necessary.