Four Ss with histories of reported spontaneous ESP occurrence participated in 8 sessions per S. Each session consisted of 3 trials in which the contents (art prints) of sealed envelopes were assessed by clairvoyant means. One trial took place while S was in his ordinary waking state, one while S was in a self-induced altered conscious state, and one while S was in an altered state induced by...
Dream recall and content were studied in 10 female college students who habitually slept nocturnally for more than 9 hr. and in 7 who habitually slept less than 6½ hr. During 2 wk. 81 spontaneously recalled dreams were reported by the 7 short sleepers and 114 dreams by the 10 long sleepers. Of 9 dream content variables the 2 groups of sleepers differed significantly on only one and did not...
Data from three separate studies support the hypothesis that contentless and dreamless reports obtained in dream-recall experiments are functionally, as well as descriptively, different phenomena. Distributions of percentages of contentless and dreamless reports (a) for different phases of the menstrual cycle, (b) over a three-day recording period, and (c) for length of total sleep time were...
It was predicted that diary and questionnaire measures of dream recall would be greater for long than for short sleep time. Total sleep time was a significant predictor variable for dream recall for males only. Results for females were in the predicted direction but consistently nonsignificant. This study confirms previously published findings on the significance of total sleep time for males...
In comparison to psychophysiological variables such as stage of sleep and auditory arousal thresholds, psychological variables such as anxiety, “repression,” and cognitive style have demonstrated little or no relationship to frequency and amount of dream recall. Two studies yielded no support for an hypothesized correlation between amount of dream recall and short-term memory for verbally or...
The paper reports a failure to confirm previous studies finding a relationship between the A, R, and Es scales of the MMPI and dream recall. The study was carried out on two groups of college students ( ns = 48, 55) and required Ss to produce written dream reports. The first group was given 6 wk. to report 2 dreams, the second 9 wk. to report 3 dreams. Ss who were able to report these dreams...
Self-reported dream recall for 3 hypothetical recall periods was studied as a function of individual differences in extraversion-introversion and neuroticism. University students (60 female, 60 male) served as Ss in a replicated design. No functional relationship of individual differences to dream recall was found, though mean recall based on S's estimates for the 3 recall periods was...
The REM period dream reports of two groups of Ss with different kinds of presleep experiences were examined with respect to laboratory references, overt references to E, pleasantness and unpleasantness of content, self-representation of the dreamer in his dreams and dream recall. Group 1 included 17 Ss who were not exposed to any special presleep procedure. Group 2 was composed of 27 Ss who...
Dream recall and content following normal 8-hr. nights of sleep and nights of extended sleep was collected from 22 Ss in two separate studies. The total number of dreams reported subsequent to extended sleep was significantly higher than after nights of normal sleep ( p < .01). Dreams reported following extended sleep contained a significantly greater proportion of familiar characters than...
The present study was an attempt to describe and contrast a variety of states of consciousness. The results indicate that dreams, hypnagogic and hypnopompic experiences, depersonalization, déjà vu, synesthesia, and daydreams can be differentiated by means of a series of descriptive characteristics.
Whereas earlier research had shown that Ss with lower auditory awakening thresholds (AATs) reported more dreams on awakenings from non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, this study of 4 Ss over several nights each indicated no relationship between Stage 2 NREM dreaming and within-subject, within-night variations in AAT. Subjectively “deep” Stage 2 sleep was associated with high AATs and with...
A model is proposed for relating production of spontaneous cognitive events such as daydreams to the organism's continuous response to external stimuli. Employing a simple signal-detection task under conditions of partial sensory deprivation, a series of experiments were carried out to test specific predictions from the model. In one experiment increasing speed of signal presentation or demands...
Three S s slept with their eyes taped open and their pupils chemically dilated while stages of sleep were monitored by EEG and eye movement recordings. Various objects were illuminated in front of S s' open eyes. Shortly following the stimulus presentations, S s were awakened and reports of dream experiences and other imagery during sleep were obtained. Although there were occasional instances...
210 EEG Stage 1 rapid eye movement period (REMP) awakenings were made during 40 nights of sleep to study the relationship between variations in dream reports and hypothesized correlates of such variations. Data analysis was done on an intra-individual basis with significance level being determined by the combined results of all 4 S s. Non-contemporaneousness of temporal reference of manifest...
Twenty-four S s were exposed to controlled presleep stimuli. On one experimental night, they saw a violent episode, on the other, a nonviolent episode, from a TV western series. Dreams were collected using Dement and Kleitman's electrophysiological methods, by means of which rapid eye movement (REM) periods were used to identify “dream” periods. REM reports following the violent episode were...
Of 28 normal Ss undergoing brief sessions of S.D., 8 reported depersonalization experiences. They were found to be significantly more introverted than the rest of the group.