Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences
December 10, 2025
Daniel Villiger
Abstract Mystical experiences are among the most extraordinary and meaningful experiences one can have. While such experiences have been studied for more than a century, it is still an open question how the brain can produce them. The present paper provides a possible answer by examining mystical experience from the lens of the REBUS hypothesis—a theory that explains the neurocognitive...
Philosophical Psychology
September 8, 2025
Mina Caraccio, Katherine Cheung, Sebastian Porsdam Mann et al.
3 citations
The current revival of interest in classic psychedelics and other psychoactives such as ketamine and MDMA, coupled with changes to their regulatory status in many jurisdictions, necessitates rigorous ethical guidelines both within and beyond clinical and scientific contexts. This paper examines crucial ethical, philosophical, and policy considerations needed to ensure psychedelic use across...
Philosophy Compass
September 1, 2025
Daniel Villiger
ABSTRACT The reemergence of serotonergic psychedelics in clinical research and practice has sparked numerous debates within bioethics. This paper aims to provide an overview of the key issues discussed in the emerging field of psychedelic ethics. It organizes these issues into four (partly overlapping) categories: (1) the implementation and execution of psychedelic research and practice, (2)...
General Hospital Psychiatry
June 6, 2025
Daniel Villiger
4 citations
The view that the use of serotonergic psychedelics in mental health care should always be psychotherapeutically embedded has recently been questioned. One argument against this model concerns the high costs it entails, which could limit the accessibility of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT)-a concern likely to gain traction if PAT is officially approved in the future. This paper analyzes the...
Neuroethics
April 1, 2025
Christopher Poppe, Daniel Villiger, Dimitris Repantis et al.
9 citations
Abstract In the present paper, we analyze the ethical issues in training for psychedelic therapy and discuss mitigation strategies for these issues. Specifically, after describing models of psychedelic training, we describe four problems of psychedelic training: (1) the imperative for comprehensive training due to vulnerability of participants, (2) psychedelic but not psychotherapeutic...
Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences
February 8, 2025
Daniel Villiger
1 citation
Abstract According to L.A. Paul, undergoing an experience is transformative if we learn something we cannot learn without having the experience and if it substantially changes our point of view. While the implications of transformative experiences have primarily been discussed in the context of rational choice, their underlying concept has also proven fruitful in the context of unchosen...
American Journal of Bioethics
2025
Daniel Villiger
7 citations
The presence of unusual features in psychedelic treatments has led to the argument that these treatments are exceptional within medicine and should therefore also be treated as exceptional when ana...
Kennedy Institute of Ethics journal
2025
Daniel Villiger
Double-blind, randomized, controlled trials (DB-RCT), if designed and conducted well, are widely considered the gold standard in medical research for purposes of establishing causal efficacy. Their logic is compelling: by balancing out all confounding variables through the research design, DB-RCTs are thought to reveal whether a proposed treatment-by virtue of its characteristic...
Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics
September 27, 2024
Daniel Villiger
10 citations
Classic serotonergic psychedelics are experiencing a clinical revival, which has also revived ethical debates about psychedelic-assisted therapy. A particular issue here is how to prepare and protect patients from the vulnerability that the psychedelic state creates. This paper first examines how this vulnerability manifests itself, revealing that it results from an impairment of autonomy:...
Int Rev Psychiatry
June 12, 2024
Daniel Villiger
20 citations
Personal psychedelic experience of psychedelic therapists during training: should it be required, optional, or prohibited?
American Journal of Bioethics
May 2, 2024
Edward Jacobs, Brian D. Earp, Paul S. Appelbaum et al.
29 citations
The first Hopkins-Oxford Psychedelic Ethics (HOPE) workshop convened to discuss ethical matters relating to psychedelics in August 2023 at the University of Oxford.The organizers (BDE, DBY, EJ) aim...
Neuroethics
February 15, 2024
Daniel Villiger
26 citations
A psychedelic renaissance is currently taking place in mental healthcare. The number of psychedelic-assisted therapy trials is growing steadily, and some countries already grant psychiatrists special permission to use psychedelics in non-research contexts under certain conditions. These clinical advances must be accompanied by ethical inquiry. One pressing ethical question involves whether...
Journal of Medical Ethics
April 12, 2023
Daniel Villiger, Manuel Trachsel
40 citations
Psychedelics are experiencing a renaissance in mental healthcare. In recent years, more and more early phase trials on psychedelic-assisted therapy have been conducted, with promising results overall. However, ethical analyses of this rediscovered form of treatment remain rare. The present paper contributes to the ethical inquiry of psychedelic-assisted therapy by analysing the ethical...
Frontiers in Psychiatry
March 8, 2022
Daniel Villiger
17 citations
Psychedelics are experiencing a renaissance in clinical research. In recent years, an increasing number of studies on psychedelic-assisted treatment have been conducted. So far, the results are promising, suggesting that this new (or rather, rediscovered) form of therapy has great potential. One particular reason for that appears to be the synergistic combination of the pharmacological and...