Journal of trauma & dissociation : the official journal of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation (ISSD)
2022
Paul Frewen, Bethany L Brand, Hugo J Schielke et al.
The 4-dimensional (4-D) model of trauma-related dissociation differentiates between dissociative experiences involving trauma-related altered states of consciousness and symptoms of distress that do not appear to involve alterations in normal waking consciousness across four phenomenological dimensions (i.e., our experience of time, thought, body, and emotions). The current study evaluated...
Frontiers in Neuroscience
December 10, 2020
Daniela Rabellino, Paul Frewen, Margaret C Mckinnon et al.
Peripersonal space (PPS) is defined as the space surrounding the body where we can reach or be reached by external entities, including objects or other individuals. PPS is an essential component of bodily self-consciousness that allows us to perform actions in the world (e.g., grasping and manipulating objects) and protect our body while interacting with the surrounding environment....
Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy
November 1, 2020
Divya Mistry, Jenney Zhu, Paul Tremblay et al.
Objective: We investigate the potential therapeutic application of virtual reality (VR) technology as an aid to meditation practice among persons varying in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Method: In this within-group mixed-methods study, 96 young adults practiced both VR- and non-VR-guided meditations and reported on their experience of positive affect (PA), negative affect...
June 25, 2020
Paul Frewen, R. Hunt, C. Pope et al.
It has been suggested that responding to the COVID-19 pandemic will require innovations in how mental healthcare is provided to Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Virtual Reality (...
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
January 26, 2020
Paul Frewen, M. Schroeter, Giuseppe Riva et al.
We review neuroimaging research investigating self-referential processing (SRP), that is, how we respond to stimuli that reference ourselves, prefaced by a lexical-thematic analysis of words indicative of "self-feelings". We consider SRP as occurring verbally (V-SRP) and non-verbally (NV-SRP), both in the controlled, "top-down" form of introspective and interoceptive tasks, respectively, as...
European Journal of Psychotraumatology
2018
Harald Bækkelund, Paul Frewen, Ruth A. Lanius et al.
ABSTRACT Background: The four-dimensional (‘4-D’) model has been proposed as a theoretical framework to understand and delineate trauma-related dissociative experiences, categorizing symptoms into trauma-related altered states of consciousness (TRASC) and normal waking consciousness (NWC), which occur along four dimensions: time, thought, body and emotion. Objective: The main aim of the present...
European Journal of Psychotraumatology
2016
Daniela Rabellino, Sherain Harricharan, Paul Frewen et al.
25 citations
Early traumatic experiences are thought to be causal factors in the development of trauma-related dissociative experiences, including depersonalization and derealization. The rubber hand illusion (RHI), a well-known paradigm that measures multi-sensorial integration of a rubber hand into one's own body representation, has been used to investigate alterations in the experience of body ownership...
Journal of Trauma & Dissociation
September 17, 2015
Nicole C A Tzannidakis, Paul Frewen
Research supports the existence of a dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder, although studies have not directly compared the perceived impact of dissociative versus nondissociative posttraumatic symptoms on social and occupational functioning. In addition, research is beginning to differentiate between posttraumatic distress associated with normal waking consciousness (NWC) and...
Journal of Trauma & Dissociation
September 17, 2015
Paul Frewen, Kathleen Hegadoren, Nikolas Coupland et al.
A theoretical framework referred to as a 4-D model has been described for classifying posttraumatic stress symptoms into those potentially occurring within normal waking consciousness (NWC) versus those thought to intrinsically exemplify dissociative experiences, specifically, trauma-related altered states of consciousness (TRASC). As a further test of this theoretical distinction, this...
Mindfulness
April 8, 2015
Paul Frewen, Nicholas M. Rogers, Les Flodrowski et al.
31 citations
Trauma and stressor-related disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related comorbid disorders such as anxiety, depression, and dissociative disorders, are difficult to treat. Mindfulness-based clinical interventions have proven efficacy for mental health treatment in face-to-face individual and group modalities, although the feasibility and efficacy of delivering these...
European Journal of Psychotraumatology
August 18, 2014
Paul Frewen, N. Kleindienst, Ruth A. Lanius et al.
Background A “4-D model” was recently described as a theoretical framework for categorizing trauma-related symptoms into four phenomenological dimensions (the experience of time, thought, body, and emotion) that can present either in the form of normal waking consciousness (NWC) or as dissociative experiences, that is, trauma-related altered states of consciousness (TRASC). Methods The present...
Journal of Trauma & Dissociation
March 20, 2014
Paul Frewen, Ruth A. Lanius
59 citations
Frewen and Lanius (in press) recently articulated a 4-D model as a framework for classifying symptoms of posttraumatic stress into those that potentially occur within normal waking consciousness (NWC) versus those that intrinsically represent dissociative experiences of trauma-related altered states of consciousness (TRASC). Four dimensions were specified: time-memory, thought, body, and...