American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy
June 1, 2002
Kelly M. Smith, Lisa L. Larive, Frank Romanelli
226 citations
The abuse of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is discussed. Club drugs are chemical substances used recreationally in social settings. Use is increasingly frequent among young people, especially during all-night dance parties. All four agents have been classified as controlled substances. MDMA ("ecstasy") is available...
Anesthesiology
February 1, 2002
Ernst G. Pfenninger, Marcel E. Durieux, Sabine Himmelseher
Background: Ketamine is increasingly used in pain therapy but may impair brain functions. Mood and cognitive capacities were compared after equianalgesic small-dose S(+)-, R(-)-, and racemic ketamine in healthy volunteers. Methods: Twenty-four subjects received intravenous 0.5 mg/kg racemic, 0.25 mg/kg S(+)-, and 1.0 mg/kg R(-)-ketamine in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, crossover...
Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics
November 1, 2001
Harald Ihmsen, Gerd Geisslinger, Jürgen Schüttler
ObjectiveWe investigated the pharmacokinetics of ketamine with special regard to enantiomer‐specific differences.MethodsTen healthy young male volunteers (mean age, 28 ± 4 years; mean weight, 79 ± 11 kg) received racemic ketamine and S(+)‐ketamine in a randomized double‐blind crossover study. Drugs were administered by a computer‐controlled device. Two infusion cycles with linearly increasing...
Neuropsychopharmacology
October 1, 2001
Adrienne C. Lahti, M A Weiler, B A Tamara Michaelidis et al.
This study evaluates the effects of ketamine on healthy and schizophrenic volunteers (SVs) in an effort to define the detailed behavioral effects of the drug in a psychosis model. We compared the effects of ketamine on normal and SVs to establish the comparability of their responses and the extent to which normal subjects might be used experimentally as a model. Eighteen normal volunteers (NVs)...
Neuropsychopharmacology
July 1, 2001
E J Duncan, S H Madonick, A Parwani et al.
The clinical similarities between PCP psychosis and schizophrenia have contributed importantly to the development of the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia. Sensory gating, as measured by prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex (PPI), is impaired in patients with schizophrenia. In animals, the noncompetitive NMDA antagonists PCP and ketamine disrupt PPI in a way that resembles the...
European Journal of Pharmacology
June 29, 2001
M Narita, K Yoshizawa, M Nomura et al.
Ketamine, which is a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, has been used as a dissociative anesthetic agent. However, chronic use of ketamine produces psychotomimetic effects, such as nightmares, hallucination and delusion. Therefore, the present study was designed to ascertain the role of the NMDA receptor and sigma receptor in the discriminative stimulus effect induced by ketamine....
Addiction
May 1, 2001
Helen Valerie Curran, Lisa Monaghan
Aims. Ketamine, a non‐competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, produces acute impairments of working, episodic and semantic memory along with psychotogenic and dissociative effects when a single dose is given to healthy volunteers. In recreational users, Curran & Morgan (2000) showed that ketamine produced the same acute effects but that 3 days after ingestion, ketamine users showed persisting...
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
2001
K L Jansen, R Darracot-Cankovic
This is the second part of a review of the nonmedical use of ketamine. Part one discussed the history of ketamine, the sought-after effects for which it is taken in a nonmedical context, how these are produced, common adverse effects, the ketamine schizophrenia model and the neurotoxicity issue. Part two reviews what is currently known about problem use of ketamine, ketamine dependence,...
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
December 1, 2000
Karl Jansen
229 citations
Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic with an accepted place in human medicine. Ketamine also has psychedelic properties, and there has been a recent increase in nonmedical use linked with the growth of the "dance culture." This has attracted little comment in the formal literature but has been the subject of many reports in the media. Myths and misunderstandings are common. The psychedelic...
Archives of General Psychiatry
December 1, 2000
Daniel Umbricht, Liselotte Schmid, Rene Koller et al.
590 citations
BACKGROUND: In patients with schizophrenia, deficient generation of mismatch negativity (MMN)-an event-related potential (ERP) indexing auditory sensory ("echoic") memory-and a selective increase of "context dependent" ("BX") errors in the "A-X" version of the Continuous Performance Test (AX-CPT) indicate an impaired ability to form and use transient memory traces. Animal and human studies...