Despite promising outcomes for mental health conditions, psychedelic-assisted interventions yield variable post-experience outcomes. Existing preparation and integration models emphasize insight and meaning-making but give insufficient attention to the role of internal guidance in sustaining therapeutic gains. For individuals shaped by trauma or performance-based environments, emotional...
BackgroundAlcohol use disorder (AUD) remains difficult to treat with lasting success, leading to growing interest in alternative therapeutic approaches. Psychedelic compounds such as Ayahuasca, a traditional brew used in Indigenous Amazonian ceremonies containing N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) along with monoamine oxidase-inhibiting β-carbolines, have shown promise in reducing addictive...
Background and Objective Ketamine and esketamine have emerged as effective and rapid-acting interventions for treatment-resistant depression. Nevertheless, the best-suited candidates for these treatments are not clear. As such, the ability to personalize treatment selection and parameters would likely improve therapeutic response. This systematic review synthesized the literature on clinical...
Based on its in vitro profile and preliminary evidence, 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) may have psychoactive properties that are similar to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and psilocybin, which are investigated for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive disorders. We compared acute effects of 2C-B (10, 20, and 30 mg), 125 mg MDMA, and 25 mg psilocybin...
This research involved a literature review on the recreational, Western medicinal and ethnobotanical uses of hallucinogenic mushrooms. Search engines such as PubMed and Google Scholar, among others, and Boolean operators were used. A total of 60 scientific papers in both Spanish and English were analyzed. Since the 11th century, Japan has recorded the consumption of the butterfly mushroom,...
Psilocybin has been shown to induce fast and sustained symptoms improvements across various psychiatric conditions, yet its long-term mechanisms of action are not fully understood. Initial evidence suggests that longitudinal functional and structural brain changes implicate fronto-striatal-thalamic (FST) circuitry, a broad system involved in goal-directed behavior and motivational states. Here,...
Since its inception, Christianity has continuously engaged with mystical ideas—to varying degrees depending on the prevailing influences. Claims are falsely attributed to Christ as the founder of the foundations of mysticism, drawing upon his sayings and actions; this trajectory extends from the founding figures of altered Christianity—such as Paul—through the establishment of key mystical...
This essay interrogates the ontological transformation of the scientific enterprise under contemporary technological overload. Its central contention is that we are witnessing a transition from an Enlightenment tradition of human-centric causal inquiry to an age of algorithmic determinism, in which the efficient processing of human variables threatens to render the scientist, and the science...
TashkeelJune 30, 2026Noreen Akhtar, Dr. Fahmida Tabassum
Allama Iqbal’s concept of Fana and Baqa is a central element of his philosophy of Khudi, rooted in Islamic mysticism yet presented in a dynamic and practical form. For Iqbal, Fana does not dignify the negation of the self but its affirmation, while Baqa represents the perfection of the self and the attainment of eternal life. Iqbal views life after death as a continuation of existence rather...
This study sought to present a philosophical foundation and categorical basis for tea aesthetics education by examining the limitations of object-centered aesthetics and classical cognitivism, with a focus on the convergence between aesthetic experience and embodied cognition. Tea experience is understood as both a reflective and an embodied experience. Drawing on Maturana and Varela’s...