Momentary solitude and affective experiences: The moderating role of trait mindfulness.
Xinyuan Peng, Da Jiang, Dwight C.K. Tse, Yuen Wan Ho, Jennifer Lay
Applied psychology. Health and well-being June 1, 2025 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.70052 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Experience sampling study Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 188 |
| Population | Adults in Hong Kong |
| Duration | Seven consecutive days |
| Topics | Meditation |
| Keywords | Affective experiences Experience sampling method Emotional wellbeing Mindfulness meditation Solitude psychology Experience sampling research Affective states |
| Citations | 2 |
| Key points | Higher describing and acting with awareness weakened the negative link between solitude and high-arousal positive affect; higher nonreactivity amplified the positive link between solitude and low-arousal positive affect; higher observing weakened the positive link between solitude and low-arousal negative affect. |
Abstract
Adults spend a significant amount of time alone every day, but mindfulness factors influencing the experience of solitude (time spent alone) are underexplored. Based on person-environment fit theory, we examined the moderating role of five facets of trait mindfulness (observing, describing, acting with awareness, nonjudging of inner experiences, and nonreactivity to inner experiences) on the relationship between solitude and affective experiences. In this experience sampling study, 188 adults (Mage = 51.47, SDage = 17.75, range = 19-93, 66.50% female) in Hong Kong completed a trait mindfulness questionnaire and then were notified five times a day for seven consecutive days to report their momentary social situation (in solitude or not) and affective states. We found that higher scores on describing and acting with awareness weakened the negative association between solitude and high-arousal positive affect. Higher nonreactivity to inner experiences amplified the positive association between solitude and low-arousal positive affect. Higher observing weakened the positive association between solitude and low-arousal negative affect. These findings enhance our understanding of solitude experiences by highlighting the role of trait mindfulness in enhancing affective experiences in solitude.