Transcranial direct current stimulation modulates primate brain dynamics across states of consciousness.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied to the prefrontal cortex alters the dynamic organization of functional connectivity in the primate brain, with effects depending on the state of consciousness. In awake macaques, cathodal tDCS disrupted the repertoire of connectivity patterns, increased structure-function correlation, decreased Shannon entropy, and favored transitions toward anatomically based patterns. Under deep sedation, anodal tDCS significantly altered brain pattern distribution and reduced structure-function correlation. The stimulation also modified dynamic connectivity arrangements typically associated with consciousness and unconsciousness. These findings suggest that prefrontal tDCS can modulate brain dynamics differently in conscious and unconscious states, offering insights into mechanisms relevant to disorders of consciousness.

Study at a glance

Abstract

The resting primate brain is traversed by spontaneous functional connectivity patterns that show striking differences between conscious and unconscious states. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a non-invasive neuromodulatory technique, can improve signs of consciousness in disorders of consciousness (DOCs); however, can it influence both conscious and unconscious dynamic functional connectivity? We investigated the modulatory effect of prefrontal cortex (PFC) tDCS on brain dynamics in awake and anesthetized non-human primates using functional MRI. In awake macaques receiving either anodal or cathodal tDCS, we found that cathodal stimulation robustly disrupted the repertoire of functional connectivity patterns, increased structure-function correlation (SFC), decreased Shannon entropy, and favored transitions toward anatomically based patterns. Under deep sedation, anodal tDCS significantly altered brain pattern distribution and reduced SFC. The prefrontal stimulation also modified dynamic connectivity arrangements typically associated with consciousness and unconsciousness. Our findings offer compelling evidence that PFC tDCS induces striking modifications in the fMRI-based dynamic organization of the brain across different states of consciousness. This study contributes to an enhanced understanding of tDCS neuromodulation mechanisms and has important clinical implications for DOCs.