Transcranial direct current stimulation modulates primate brain dynamics across states of consciousness.
Guylaine Hoffner, Pablo Castro, Lynn Uhrig, Camilo Miguel Signorelli, Morgan Dupont, Jordy Tasserie, Alain Destexhe, Rodrigo Cofré, Jacobo Sitt, Bechir Jarraya
Elife October 13, 2025 DOI: 10.7554/elife.101688 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Experimental study Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Population | Non-human primates (rhesus macaques) |
| Intervention | transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) |
| Keywords | Brain dynamics Consciousness FMRI Prefrontal cortex Rhesus macaque |
| Key findings | Prefrontal tDCS induces state-dependent modifications in fMRI-based dynamic functional connectivity, with cathodal stimulation disrupting patterns in awake macaques and anodal stimulation altering patterns under deep sedation. |
Abstract
The resting primate brain is traversed by spontaneous functional connectivity patterns that show striking differences between conscious and unconscious states. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a non-invasive neuromodulatory technique, can improve signs of consciousness in disorders of consciousness (DOCs); however, can it influence both conscious and unconscious dynamic functional connectivity? We investigated the modulatory effect of prefrontal cortex (PFC) tDCS on brain dynamics in awake and anesthetized non-human primates using functional MRI. In awake macaques receiving either anodal or cathodal tDCS, we found that cathodal stimulation robustly disrupted the repertoire of functional connectivity patterns, increased structure-function correlation (SFC), decreased Shannon entropy, and favored transitions toward anatomically based patterns. Under deep sedation, anodal tDCS significantly altered brain pattern distribution and reduced SFC. The prefrontal stimulation also modified dynamic connectivity arrangements typically associated with consciousness and unconsciousness. Our findings offer compelling evidence that PFC tDCS induces striking modifications in the fMRI-based dynamic organization of the brain across different states of consciousness. This study contributes to an enhanced understanding of tDCS neuromodulation mechanisms and has important clinical implications for DOCs.