Return of the lysergamides. Part VII: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1‐valeroyl‐d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (1V‐LSD)
Simon D. Brandt, Pierce V. Kavanagh, Folker Westphal, Benedikt Pulver, Kathleen Morton, Alexander Stratford, Geraldine Dowling, Adam L. Halberstadt
Drug Testing and Analysis November 27, 2021 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3205 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Experimental study Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Population | Mice |
| Dose | 373 nmol/kg (ED50) |
| Measures | head-twitch response (HTR) |
| Topics | LSD Psilocybin |
| Keywords | Hallucinogen Pharmacology Prodrug Stereochemistry |
| Citations | 19 |
| Key findings | 1V-LSD induces a dose-dependent head-twitch response in mice with about a third the potency of LSD. |
Abstract
Abstract The psychopharmacological properties of the psychedelic drug lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have attracted the interest of several generations of scientists. While further explorations involving novel LSD‐type compounds are needed to assess their potential as medicinal drugs, the emergence of novel derivatives as recreational drugs has also been observed. 1‐Valeroyl‐LSD (also known as 1‐valeryl‐LSD, 1‐pentanoyl‐LSD, 1V‐LSD, or “Valerie”) is a new N 1 ‐acylated LSD derivative that recently appeared on the online market, and it could be viewed as a higher homolog of ALD‐52, 1P‐LSD, and 1B‐LSD. The present study included the analytical characterization and involved various methods of mass spectrometry (MS), gas and liquid chromatography (GC and LC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, GC–solid‐state infrared (GC‐sIR) analysis, and Raman spectroscopy. The in vivo activity of 1V‐LSD was assessed using the mouse head‐twitch response (HTR), a 5‐HT 2A ‐mediated head movement that serves as a behavioral proxy in rodents for human hallucinogenic effects. Similar to LSD and other psychedelic drugs, the HTR induced by 1V‐LSD was dose dependent, and the median effective dose for 1V‐LSD was 373 nmol/kg, which was about a third of the potency of LSD (ED 50 = 132.8 nmol/kg). Lysergamides containing the N 1 ‐substituent typically act as weak partial agonists at the 5‐HT 2A receptor and are believed to serve as prodrugs for LSD. 1V‐LSD is also likely to be hydrolyzed to LSD and serve as a prodrug, but studies to assess the biotransformation and receptor pharmacology of 1V‐LSD should be performed to fully elucidate its mechanism of action.
Comparable studies
Other preclinical and animal studies on LSD, most cited first.
Citations in the library
Cited by 11
- Stimulant and hallucinogenic novel psychoactive substances; an update Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology November 2, 2023
- Identification of LSD analogs, 1cP-AL-LAD, 1cP-MIPLA, 1V-LSD and LSZ in sheet products. Forensic Toxicology July 1, 2023
- Analytical profile, in vitro metabolism and behavioral properties of the lysergamide 1P‐AL‐LAD Drug Testing and Analysis May 7, 2022
- Analytical and behavioral characterization of 1-dodecanoyl-LSD (1DD-LSD). Drug Testing and Analysis 2025
- Synthesis and analytical characterization of 1-(2-thienoyl)-6-allyl-nor-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (1T-AL-LAD). Drug Testing and Analysis April 1, 2025
and 6 more in the library
Cites 13
- Correlation between the potency of hallucinogens in the mouse head-twitch response assay and their behavioral and subjective effects in other species. Neuropharmacology May 1, 2020
- Effect of Hallucinogens on Unconditioned Behavior Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences 2016
- Return of the lysergamides. Part I: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1‐propionyl‐d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (1P‐LSD) Drug Testing and Analysis October 12, 2015
- Return of the lysergamides. Part V: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1‐butanoyl‐d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (1B‐LSD) Drug Testing and Analysis May 13, 2019
- Return of the lysergamides. Part II: Analytical and behavioural characterization of N6-allyl-6-norlysergic acid diethylamide (AL-LAD) and (2’S,4’S)-lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide (LSZ) Drug Testing and Analysis June 6, 2016
and 8 more in the library