Archives of Toxicology
May 20, 2026
Caitlyn Norman, Dean Acreman, Meera Bissram et al.
Abstract Designer benzodiazepines (DBZDs) are a class of new psychoactive substances (NPS) designed as legal alternatives to prescription BZDs. Bromazolam has been the most prevalent DBZD detected on the recreational market around the world; however, a new DBZD, ethylbromazolam (8-bromo-1-ethyl-6-phenyl-4 H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine; also known as bromoethylazolam) has recently...
Drug Testing and Analysis
2025
Pierce V. Kavanagh, Folker Westphal, Benedikt Pulver et al.
8 citations
1-Acetyl-N,N-diethyllysergamide (1A-LSD, ALD-52) was first synthesized in the 1950s and found to produce psychedelic effects similar to those of LSD. Evidence suggests that ALD-52 serves as a prodrug in vivo and hydrolysis to LSD is likely responsible for its activity. Extension of the N1-alkylcarbonyl chain gives rise to novel lysergamides, which spurred further investigations into their...
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
August 1, 2024
Tanja M Gampfer, Victoria Schütz, Philip Schippers et al.
11 citations
The continuous emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) attracted a great deal of attention within recent years. Lately, the two hallucinogenic NPS 1cP-LSD and 4-AcO-DET have appeared on the global market. Knowledge about their metabolism to identify potential metabolic targets for analysis and their cytotoxic properties is lacking. The aim of this work was thus to study their in vitro...
Drug Testing and Analysis
February 1, 2024
Simon D. Brandt, Pierce V. Kavanagh, Folker Westphal et al.
5 citations
Preclinical investigations have shown that N-ethyl-N-isopropyllysergamide (EIPLA) exhibits lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)-like properties, which suggests that it might show psychoactive effects in humans. EIPLA is also an isomer of N6 -ethylnorlysergic acid N,N-diethylamide (ETH-LAD), a lysergamide known to produce psychedelic effects in humans that emerged as a research chemical. EIPLA was...
Drug Testing and Analysis
March 1, 2023
Pierce V. Kavanagh, Folker Westphal, Benedikt Pulver et al.
7 citations
The development of novel lysergamides continues to occur, based on both the needs of psychedelic medicine and commercial interest in new recreational substances. The present study continues the authors' research on novel lysergamides and describes the analytical profile of 1-cyclopropanoyl-AL-LAD (IUPAC name:...
Drug Testing and Analysis
May 7, 2022
Simon D. Brandt, Pierce V. Kavanagh, Folker Westphal et al.
14 citations
Abstract Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is known to induce powerful psychoactive effects in humans, which cemented its status as an important tool for clinical research. A range of analogues and derivatives has been investigated over the years, including those classified as new psychoactive substances. This study presents the characterization of the novel lysergamide N , N...
Drug Testing and Analysis
November 27, 2021
Simon D. Brandt, Pierce V. Kavanagh, Folker Westphal et al.
19 citations
Abstract The psychopharmacological properties of the psychedelic drug lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have attracted the interest of several generations of scientists. While further explorations involving novel LSD‐type compounds are needed to assess their potential as medicinal drugs, the emergence of novel derivatives as recreational drugs has also been observed. 1‐Valeroyl‐LSD (also known...
Drug Testing and Analysis
May 22, 2021
Simon D. Brandt, Pierce V. Kavanagh, Folker Westphal et al.
12 citations
Abstract Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a potent psychoactive substance that has attracted great interest in clinical research. As the pharmacological exploration of LSD analogs continues to grow, some of those analogs have appeared on the street market. Given that LSD analogs are uncontrolled in many jurisdictions, it is important that these analogs be differentiated from LSD. This report...
Drug Testing and Analysis
August 24, 2020
Simon D. Brandt, Pierce V. Kavanagh, Folker Westphal et al.
5 citations
Recent investigations have shown that N-ethyl-N-cyclopropyl lysergamide (ECPLA) produces LSD-like behavioral effects in mice, which suggests that it may act as a hallucinogen in humans. Although the use of ECPLA as a recreational drug has been limited, key analytical data that can be used to detect ECPLA are required for future forensic and clinical investigations. ECPLA is an isomer of...
Drug Testing and Analysis
March 16, 2020
Simon D. Brandt, Pierce V. Kavanagh, Folker Westphal et al.
38 citations
Abstract Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a prototypical serotonergic psychedelic drug and the subject of many clinical investigations. In recent years, a range of lysergamides has emerged with the production of some being inspired by the existing scientific literature. Others, for example various 1‐acyl substituted lysergamides, did not exist before their appearance as research chemicals....
Drug Testing and Analysis
May 13, 2019
Simon D. Brandt, Pierce V. Kavanagh, Folker Westphal et al.
72 citations
Abstract The psychedelic properties of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have captured the imagination of researchers for many years and its rediscovery as an important research tool is evidenced by its clinical use within neuroscientific and therapeutic settings. At the same time, a number of novel LSD analogs have recently emerged as recreational drugs, which makes it necessary to study their...
Drug Testing and Analysis
April 30, 2019
Michael Dybek, Jason Wallach, Pierce V. Kavanagh et al.
9 citations
Abstract A number of substances based on the 1,2‐diarylethylamine template have been investigated for various potential clinical applications whereas others have been encountered as research chemicals sold for non‐medical use. Some of these substances have transpired to function as NMDA receptor antagonists that elicit dissociative effects in people who use these substances recreationally....
Talanta
October 1, 2018
Achim T. Caspar, Markus R Meyer, Folker Westphal et al.
17 citations
Among the emerging new psychoactive substances (NPS), compounds carrying an N-ortho-methoxybenzyl substituent, the so-called NBOMes, represented a highly potent group of new hallucinogens. Recently, 3,4-dimethoxyamphetamine (3,4-DMA)-NBOMe and 4-methylmethamphetamine (4-MMA)-NBOMe occurred, but no data on their pharmacokinetics were available. According to other NBOMes, they are expected to be...
Drug Testing and Analysis
April 19, 2018
Gavin McLaughlin, Michael H. Baumann, Pierce V. Kavanagh et al.
8 citations
The availability of new psychoactive substances (NPS) on the recreational drug market continues to create challenges for scientists in the forensic, clinical and toxicology fields. Phenmetrazine (3-methyl-2-phenylmorpholine) and an array of its analogs form a class of psychostimulants that are well documented in the patent and scientific literature. The present study reports on two...
Drug Testing and Analysis
February 1, 2018
Tristan Colestock, Jason Wallach, Matt Mansi et al.
14 citations
New psychoactive substances (NPS) are commonly referred to as 'research chemicals', 'designer drugs' or 'legal highs'. One NPS class is represented by dissociative anesthetics, which include analogues of the arylcyclohexylamine phencyclidine (PCP), ketamine and diphenidine. A recent addition to the NPS market was 4-[1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl]morpholine (3-MeO-PCMo), a morpholine analogue of...
Drug Testing and Analysis
June 5, 2017
Simon D. Brandt, Pierce V. Kavanagh, Brendan Twamley et al.
56 citations
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is perhaps one of the best‐known psychoactive substances and many structural modifications of this prototypical lysergamide have been investigated. Several lysergamides were recently encountered as ‘research chemicals’ or new psychoactive substances (NPS). Although lysergic acid morpholide (LSM‐775) appeared on the NPS market in 2013, there is disagreement in...
Drug Testing and Analysis
May 10, 2017
Simon D. Brandt, Pierce V. Kavanagh, Folker Westphal et al.
44 citations
The psychoactive properties of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have fascinated scientists across disciplines and the exploration of other analogues and derivatives has been motivated by deepening the understanding of ligand-receptor interactions at the molecular level as well as by the search for new therapeutics. Several LSD congeners have appeared on the new psychoactive substances (NPS)...
Drug Testing and Analysis
2017
Simon D. Brandt, Pierce V. Kavanagh, Geraldine Dowling et al.
16 citations
Many N,N-dialkylated tryptamines show psychoactive properties in humans and the number of derivatives involved in multidisciplinary areas of research has grown over the last few decades. Whereas some derivatives form the basis of a range of medicinal products, others are predominantly encountered as recreational drugs, and in some cases, the areas of therapeutic and recreational use can...
Drug Testing and Analysis
June 6, 2016
Simon D. Brandt, Pierce V. Kavanagh, Folker Westphal et al.
62 citations
Lysergic N,N-diethylamide (LSD) is perhaps one of the most intriguing psychoactive substances known and numerous analogs have been explored to a varying extent in previous decades. In 2013, N6-allyl-6-norlysergic acid diethylamide (AL-LAD) and (2’S,4’S)-lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide (LSZ) have appeared on the ‘research chemicals’ / new psychoactive substances (NPS) market in both powdered...
Drug Testing and Analysis
October 12, 2015
Simon D. Brandt, Pierce V. Kavanagh, Folker Westphal et al.
79 citations
1‐Propionyl‐ d ‐lysergic acid diethylamide hemitartrate (1P‐LSD) has become available as a ‘research chemical’ in the form of blotters and powdered material. This non‐controlled derivative of d ‐lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) has previously not been described in the published literature despite being closely related to 1‐acetyl‐LSD (ALD‐52), which was developed in the 1950s. This study...