Imagination, Cognition and Personality
March 1, 1994
Why is it that raters differ in their assessment of subjective experience? Assuming that the rater's personal involvement or experience with the subject matter would determine the location of a diagnostic threshold, individual differences in rating would be indexed by the former. In this study, independent judges were asked to assess introspective reports for the appearance of an altered state...
Imagination, Cognition and Personality
September 1, 1993
Thomas Natsoulas
Implicitly and later explicitly, James understood the stream of consciousness to consist of a sequence of temporally adjacent pulses of consciousness (except for time gaps when consciousness stops). Gibson claimed James's stream amounts to a stream of self-consciousness since it includes “a travelling moment of present time.” Reference to the present, according to Gibson, depends on the...
Imagination, Cognition and Personality
June 1, 1993
Andrzej Kokoszka
This article presents a model, created on the basis of Freud's model of “structural relations of mental personality”, and also an evolutionary model of the main states of consciousness [1–4]. A terminological order is proposed to promote the consistent understanding of such notions as: consciousness, awareness, self-consciousness, and self-unconsciousness. The final version of the evolutionary...
Imagination, Cognition and Personality
June 1, 1993
Thomas Natsoulas
In this second article of a series that examines from various perspectives the phenomenon that James called “the stream of consciousness,” I continue to argue that James's implicit account of the stream was not consistent with how he advertised it in The Principles. James's stream was more analogous to a train, with tightly adjacent successive components, than to a stream of water. Additional...
Imagination, Cognition and Personality
March 1, 1993
Andrzej Kokoszka
8 citations
In a questionnaire survey waking altered states of consciousness (ASC) are found to be common among 174 Polish students. The experience of Superficially Altered States of Consciousness (SACS) was reported by 96 percent of subjects and more than half of them had such experiences often. Whereas an experience of Profoundly Altered States of Consciousness (PASC) was confirmed by 75 percent and...
Imagination, Cognition and Personality
September 1, 1992
The article presents a comprehensive review of literature on the occurrence of altered states of consciousness. Only few studies directly aim at the estimation of occurrences of altered states of consciousness, therefore indirect studies are also included. They present data on the frequency, in normal populations, of such phenomena as: hallucinations, peak experiences, mystical states,...
Imagination, Cognition and Personality
September 1, 1992
Thomas Natsoulas
It is argued here that William James's famous stream of consciousness, as he addressed it in The Principles of Psychology, is not after all analogous to a stream or river of water, but rather it consists of a succession of discrete instances or states of consciousness. Already in 1890, James had implicitly arrived at his later explicit conception of consciousness as made up of individual...
Imagination, Cognition and Personality
June 1, 1992
Tore Nielsen
Upright Napping is a procedure for observing and recording spontaneous hypnagogic imagery. It employs systematic self-observation and recording of imagery that occurs when one falls asleep in an upright seated position. Seventy-one hypnagogic images collected by the author over twenty-nine napping sessions were assessed for occurrence of illusory movements of the self and of other characters,...
Imagination, Cognition and Personality
March 1, 1992
Glenn Livingston, Ross Levin
2 citations
Replication of Livingston and Levin's [1] factor analysis of Domino's [2] Questionnaire About Dreams was attempted utilizing a population of 106 graduate students screened for adequate dream recall. Results indicated that the questionnaire produced two dominant factors roughly corresponding to educated and mystical beliefs regarding dream origin. Although the items which comprised these factors...
Imagination, Cognition and Personality
June 1, 1991
Andrzej Kokoszka
12 citations
A rationale for a multileveled description of states of consciousness is presented, as a continuation of an integrated model of the main states of consciousness. The previous model described and distinguished four main states of consciousness: ordinary waking states of consciousness, differentiated waking states of consciousness, REM sleep, and non-REM sleep. These are considered now in a...
Imagination, Cognition and Personality
June 1, 1991
The conventional paradigm for understanding dreams is to divide human experience into two realms: the sleep state in which dream thought appears and the waking state in which conscious thought appears. The study of lucid dreaming during the sleep state has challenged this dichotomy from the sleep component. Lucid dreaming can have conscious thought and control. The present report describes an...
Imagination, Cognition and Personality
March 1, 1991
Joseph Glicksohn, Gailie Friedland, Avi Salach-Nachum
We report the results of systematic self-observation of entoptics and hypnagogia, in a study whose purpose was to investigate the “entoptic explanation” of hypnagogic imagery (i.e., that entoptic phenomena play a role in the genesis of visual hypnagogic imagery). Employing various experimental manipulations designed to increase the incidence of both phenomena, we were able to show the...
Imagination, Cognition and Personality
September 1, 1990
Veronica K. Tonay
28 citations
This study investigates the influence of sub-cultural membership on women's dream content, and time trends in dreaming over the past forty years. Dream series anonymously collected from 100 women attending the University of California, Berkeley, were scored for characters, emotions, setting, aggression, friendliness and sexuality. Each subject voluntarily reported five consecutive dreams on...
Imagination, Cognition and Personality
March 1, 1990
Harvey I. Botman, Herbert F. Crovitz
30 citations
Two experiments investigated autobiographical memory by studying dream reports. The continuity of autobiographical memory in the waking state and in sleep was demonstrated via Crovitz and Schiffman's retention function. The retention function was found to hold for vivid memories of dreams and vivid memories of waking experiences. It was also found to hold for waking events referenced in dream...
Imagination, Cognition and Personality
October 1, 1989
Harvey I. Botman, Herbert F. Crovitz
10 citations
Three experiments investigated dream reports from the previous night. The major hypothesis tested was that the reportage of dreams could be facilitated with cues. Three different types of cues were examined: semantic cues related to the themes of dreams, event cues related to experiences from the day before the dream, and color-names. On the whole, cuing increased the reportage of dreams beyond...
Imagination, Cognition and Personality
September 1, 1989
James M. Wood, David S. Sebba, George Domino
28 citations
An attempt was made to replicate earlier studies which have found a relation between waking creativity and dream bizarreness. Two-week dream diaries were collected from 126 undergraduates and the dreams scored for bizarreness using Auld's Primary Process Scale and Kluger's Everydayness Scale. Subjects were also administered four commonly used tests of creativity as well as a test of vocabulary...
Imagination, Cognition and Personality
September 1, 1989
Corrado Cavallero, Vincenzo Natale
5 citations
Thirty-six mentation reports (24 dream reports and 12 simulated dream reports) were provided by six subjects during experimental sessions. Dream reports were collected upon REM and Sleep Onset experimental awakenings. Artificial reports were obtained by asking the subject: “Try to invent a dream and tell me it as you go along.” To detect differences between the two types of reports, comparisons...
Imagination, Cognition and Personality
September 1, 1989
Donald W. Stewart, David Koulack
Retrospective dream reports from 179 undergraduate students were scored by two independent raters in an attempt to assess the reliability of a newly-developed rating system for lucid dream content. The weighted Kappa statistic, which provides an index of chance-corrected interrater agreement for qualitative data, was used to assess the reliability of the ratings. The results indicated that the...
Imagination, Cognition and Personality
October 1, 1988
Paul R. Robbins, Roland H. Tanck
The study examined the relation between depressed mood and dream report. Levels of depressed mood were assessed nightly on a sample of ninety college students over a ten-day period using a structured diary. Dream reports were obtained each morning during the ten-day period. Depressed mood tended to be higher preceding nights for which dreams were recalled and described than for nights in which...
Imagination, Cognition and Personality
March 1, 1988
Andrzej Kokoszka
This model of the main states of consciousness synthesizes interdisciplinary data. It describes and differentiates four main states of consciousness: “ordinary waking states of consciousness,” “differentiated waking states of consciousness” – including “ultraconsciousness states,” “REM sleep” and “slow-wave sleep.” Each state is described along the following dimensions: sleep – wakefulness,...
Imagination, Cognition and Personality
September 1, 1987
Michael Forte, Daniel Brown, Michael Dysart
A survey of 110 subjects was conducted to investigate the differences in the phenomenological quality of mindfulness mediators who attended retreats of either two days (twenty-seven subjects), two weeks (twenty-five subjects), or three months (fifty-eight subjects). A questionnaire, the Profile of Trance, Imaging, and Meditation Experience (TIME), was used for the survey. Discriminant analyses...
Imagination, Cognition and Personality
June 1, 1987
Thomas Natsoulas
The present article utilizes the six basic concepts of consciousness for the purpose of clarifying the nature and characteristics of William James's stream of awareness. Simultaneously, an effort is made to render these concepts more understandable as referring to different properties and kinds of properties of a single basic phenomenon. Thus, a second purpose of this article is implicitly to...
Imagination, Cognition and Personality
September 1, 1985
Jayne Gackenbach
7 citations
This article reviews several considerations to be taken by the potential lucid dream researcher or lucid dreamer when attempting to increase the frequency of dreaming lucidly (i.e., consciousness awareness of dreaming while the dream is ongoing). Attempts to induce lucidity have been made both prior to falling asleep and while sleeping. Methods showing promise include, the administration of...
Imagination, Cognition and Personality
March 1, 1985
Steven Starker
23 citations
College students were administered an abbreviated form of the Imaginal Processes Inventory along with scales of sleep disturbance, positive mood, and dream recall. Results confirmed the earlier report by Starker and Hasenfeld that sleep disturbances were significantly associated with dysphoric patterns of daydreaming, and not associated with a positive daydreaming pattern. Correlational,...
Imagination, Cognition and Personality
September 1, 1984
Ilene Wasserman, Bonnie L. Ballif
Perceived interactions between the dream division of consciousness and waking consciousness were investigated by asking subjects to attribute their moods to one of ten possible causes and to rate the influence of their dreams for twenty-eight days. Over time, some subjects occasionally evaluated dreams as the dominant cause of their moods. Across subjects and days, 11 percent of recalled dreams...