Imagination Cognition and Personality
May 7, 2026
Yui Yoshioka
Alexithymia is characterized by difficulties in identifying and describing feelings and a tendency toward externally oriented thinking. This study investigated the relationship between alexithymia and dream emotions among 282 Japanese adults using the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), the Japanese version of the Mannheim Dream Questionnaire (MADRE), and a Most Recent Dream report...
Imagination Cognition and Personality
February 13, 2026
Shweta Sunil, Manoj Kumar Sharma, Nitin Anand
Reality Shifting (RS) is a practice that gained traction recently, particularly after the COVID-19 Pandemic. Reality Shifters believe in the existence of multiple realities. Considering that no empirical research has studied this topic, this study emphasizes the exploration of the phenomenology of RS among social media users. Focus Group Discussions were conducted with two groups: a RS Group (6...
Imagination Cognition and Personality
March 1, 2023
Both lucid dreaming and mindfulness appear to involve metacognition and awareness, or “awareness of awareness” in which one is aware and consciously attends to present experiences. Despite evidence for the continuity hypothesis of dreaming (which posits dream content is connected and related to the concerns and thoughts in waking life), little research has explored a relationship between lucid...
Imagination Cognition and Personality
March 8, 2020
Alexandre Lemyre, Lidia Légaré-Bergeron, Roxanne B. Landry et al.
14 citations
The objective of the present study is to explore lucid dream control strategies (LDCSs) facilitating the production of outcomes that are impossible in the real world. Participants are 107 adults who experienced at least one lucid dream per year. They completed an online survey including an open question on LDCSs. Responses were analyzed using a content analysis method with a consensus approach....
Imagination Cognition and Personality
March 1, 2017
Lucid dreaming frequency varies strongly among individuals and, thus, research has focused on identifying what factors affect this phenomenon. The present study, an online survey ( N = 2,492), focused on the relationship between the Big Five personality dimensions and lucid dreaming frequency. Additionally, the personality correlates of the age of the first lucid dream were investigated. In our...
Imagination Cognition and Personality
December 20, 2016
Tadas Stumbrys, Daniel Erlacher
28 citations
In lucid dreams, the dreamer is aware that one is dreaming; however, this does not necessary imply that the dreamer has complete control over the ongoing dream narrative. The present study explored the extent to which the lucid dreamers are able to control their dreams, as well as underlying factors. An online survey was completed by 528 respondents, of whom 386 had lucid dream experience....
Imagination Cognition and Personality
February 21, 2012
Daniel Erlacher, Tadas Stumbrys, Michael Schredl
36 citations
Mental practice is the cognitive rehearsal of a motor task in the absence of overt physical movement. A different and rather unknown kind of mental rehearsal is practice in lucid dreams. Within lucid dreams, the dreamer is able to control the ongoing dream content and for athletes it is possible to use the dream state to deliberately practice sport skills while physically asleep. In this study,...
Imagination Cognition and Personality
October 1, 2010
Michael Schredl, Franc Paul, Olaf Lahl et al.
15 citations
Despite the large number of studies addressing gender differences in dream recall and dream content, research regarding whether these differences might be affected by sex role orientation is rather scarce. The present online-survey included a large sample of most recent dreams. The results clearly indicate that sex role orientation (femininity/expressivity and masculinity/instrumentality)...
Imagination Cognition and Personality
March 1, 2010
Michael Schredl, Iris Reinhard
58 citations
Emotions are an integral part of dreaming. From the viewpoint of the continuity hypothesis, two areas are of interest: how are dream emotions affected by day-time mood and how do dream emotions affect subsequent waking life. Seventy-four participants kept a diary over a 2-week period recording daytime mood, emotional valence of daytime events, and their dreams. Confirming earlier findings, the...
Imagination Cognition and Personality
October 1, 2009
The aim of this study was to investigate if the highly sensitive personality variable affects the occurrence of mystical experiences and degree of altered states of consciousness during sensory isolation in flotation-tank. Forty-eight persons (20 males, 28 females) were included. Background variables and the Highly Sensitive Personality Scale (HSP) were assessed. The independent variable was...
Imagination Cognition and Personality
September 1, 2009
Caroline L. Horton, Martin Conway
13 citations
Dream recall has been investigated via various means, often relying upon self-report judgments. Such methods, as well as individual differences and cognitive correlates of dream recall, rarely acknowledge models, theory, or empirical work concerning waking memory. Study 1 presents the development and psychometric validation of the Memory Experiences and Dreaming Questionnaire (MED-Q)—a 30-item...
Imagination Cognition and Personality
September 1, 2008
Michael Schredl, Katharina Keller
11 citations
The present study investigated the effects of socio-demographic variables on dream content in a representative sample. The analyses of 380 most recent dreams showed that almost none of the socio-demographic variables like age, gender, marital status, education, income, nor town (or city) of residence size was significantly related to general dream characteristics like dream length, bizarreness,...
Imagination Cognition and Personality
October 1, 2007
Michael Schredl
21 citations
Despite the fact that flying unaided is not possible in waking life, flying dreams have been reported fairly often. Over the centuries, a large number of scientists have speculated about the etiology of such dreams. Their occurrence in a student sample ( N = 444) was related to low neuroticism, openness to experience, boundary thinness, dream recall frequency and playing an instrument. The...
Imagination Cognition and Personality
March 1, 2006
G. William Domhoff, Katrin Meyer-Gomes, Michael Schredl
37 citations
Past research shows there are more similarities than differences in the dream content of college students in several industrialized democracies. This study uses new results from dreams collected in Germany to support this past finding and suggest that dreams are more similar than different because they dramatize people's conceptions and concerns in relation to personal issues, which probably do...
Imagination Cognition and Personality
September 1, 2004
Richard J. Stevenson, Trevor I. Case
26 citations
Phenomenological evidence for olfactory sensation in the absence of appropriate stimulation—imagery—is inconclusive and draws most support from reports of olfactory hallucinations. The current study examined whether more convincing phenomenological evidence could be obtained from normal participants, by studying reports of their olfactory dreams. A questionnaire approach ( N = 284) revealed...
Imagination Cognition and Personality
September 1, 2000
Anette Kjellgren, Torsten Norlander
14 citations
The purpose of this study was to provide information about experiences obtained by illegal drug users and evaluate if these are consistent with Stanislav Grof's expanded model of the human unconscious. Sixteen anonymous former drug users answered a questionnaire about use, experiences, circumstances, and influences of their life. All of them have had some experiences similar to Grof's...
Imagination Cognition and Personality
March 1, 1997
Michael Schredl, Alyaa Montasser
33 citations
The first part of a two article series presented the hypotheses explaining the variation in dream recall, a model of the dream recall process and the empirical data concerning trait factors. The present article includes earlier data concerning state factors, new empirical data on how these influence dream recall, and some final conclusions. State factors such as nocturnal awakenings and...
Imagination Cognition and Personality
October 1, 1996
Michael Schredl, Alyaa Montasser
64 citations
The aim of the present article is to carefully review the research carried out hitherto regarding factors influencing dream recall. With respect to the hypotheses explaining the variation in dream recall frequency (DRF) and a model of the dream recall process, the empirical data has been divided into two groups, trait factors and state factors. In the first part of the article the studies on...
Imagination Cognition and Personality
September 1, 1996
Thomas Natsoulas
9 citations
In this two-part article, I discuss William James's account of inner awareness as it is expressed in The Principles of Psychology. Inner awareness is the immediate awareness which we all have of some of our own mental-occurrence instances. An essential part of what it is for a mental-occurrence instance to be conscious, or to be a state of consciousness, is an actual or potential immediate...
Imagination Cognition and Personality
June 1, 1996
Thomas Natsoulas
16 citations
In this two-part article, I present a critique of William James's theory of inner awareness, as this theory finds expression in The Principles of Psychology. By inner awareness, I mean the immediate awareness we have of some of our own mental-occurrence instances. In the case of any mental-occurrence instance, the actual or potential occurrence of an immediate awareness of it is a necessary...
Imagination Cognition and Personality
June 1, 1995
Enrico DiTommaso, Frank Szeligo
3 citations
The present work is based in a dichotomy that is evident in the literature on consciousness. Research findings, which are often ‘counter-intuitive,’ are presented as being in opposition to the common (lay) perceptions of how consciousness is characterized. Authors often use these perceptions for contrast and as background against which to interpret their research results. However, the source of...
Imagination Cognition and Personality
March 1, 1995
Kelly K. Evans, Jefferson A. Singer
6 citations
This study examined whether dreams can be considered narratives in the context of McAdams' model of identity as a life story [1]. Dream reports were collected and scored for intimacy motivation, then compared to more traditional projective and self-report measures. Dreams, autobiographical memories, TAT-type stories, and the Achievement, Affiliation, Dominance, and Nurturance scales of the...
Imagination Cognition and Personality
October 1, 1994
Thomas Natsoulas
8 citations
Quite naturally, Imagination, Cognition and Personality is the literal context of the present series of articles, which aims to examine what is known and knowledgeably held about the nature and character of the referents of William James's concept of the stream of consciousness. The sixth and seventh installments focus on selected relevant interpretations and facts from Imagination, Cognition...
Imagination Cognition and Personality
October 1, 1994
Renaud van Quekelberghe, Peter Göbel, Eleonore Hertweck
2 citations
In this article we report on an OBE and NDE-simulation study carried out with psychology students ( n = 21). In addition to deep relaxation and special forms of hypnotic induction, a number of supplementary techniques were introduced. Effects of the simulation were examined by means of a questionnaire developed especially for the simulation experiment. Modifications and improvements were tested...
Imagination Cognition and Personality
September 1, 1994
Thomas Natsoulas
9 citations
Quite naturally, Imagination, Cognition and Personality is the literal context of the present series of articles, which aims to examine what is known and knowledgeably held about the nature and character of the referents of William James's concept of the stream of consciousness. The sixth and seventh installments focus on selected relevant interpretations and facts from Imagination, Cognition...