Andrzej Günther

2 papers in the library · publishing 2026

Papers

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Ibotenic Acid and Muscimol in Amanita muscaria: Chemistry, Sources of Variability, Analytical Determination, and Toxicological Significance

Molecules September 13, 2026 Andrzej Günther, Barbara Bednarczyk-Cwynar, Michał Tomczyk

Amanita muscaria contains two structurally related neuroactive isoxazole metabolites, ibotenic acid (IA) and muscimol (MUS), which differ markedly in pharmacological activity. IA acts as an agonist at NMDA and metabotropic glutamate receptors, whereas MUS is a potent GABAergic agonist. This review critically evaluates their chemistry and biosynthesis, biological variability, post-harvest...

DOI: 10.3390/molecules31183232

Ibotenic Acid as a Neuroecological Stressor: Environmental Modulation of the Ibotenic Acid–Muscimol Ratio in Amanita muscaria and Its Toxicological Implications

Preprints.org June 22, 2026 Andrzej Günther, Barbara Bednarczyk-Cwynar preprint

Amanita muscaria is one of the most recognizable toxic mushrooms, yet its chemical and toxicological variability remains insufficiently understood. Its principal neuroactive isoxazole compounds, ibotenic acid and muscimol, differ substantially in pharmacological profile: ibotenic acid is associated mainly with glutamatergic excitatory activity, whereas muscimol is a potent GABAergic compound....

DOI: 10.20944/preprints202606.1570.v1 Ibotenic acid Muscimol Ponding Glutamatergic +3