Ibotenic Acid and Muscimol in Amanita muscaria: Chemistry, Sources of Variability, Analytical Determination, and Toxicological Significance
Molecules September 13, 2026 Andrzej Günther, Barbara Bednarczyk-Cwynar, Michał Tomczyk
Amanita muscaria contains two structurally related neuroactive isoxazole metabolites, ibotenic acid (IA) and muscimol (MUS), which differ markedly in pharmacological activity. IA acts as an agonist at NMDA and metabotropic glutamate receptors, whereas MUS is a potent GABAergic agonist. This review critically evaluates their chemistry and biosynthesis, biological variability, post-harvest...