bioRxivAugust 12, 2026Ru-Yi Cai, Yue-Qi Yang, Shang-Xuan Cai et al.
preprint
The endocannabinoid system modulates diverse physiological processes via two endogenous lipid ligands, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide (AEA); however, their specific spatiotemporal dynamics remain poorly understood owing to the lack of selective probes. Here, we developed GRAB2-AG2.0 and GRABAEA2.0, two genetically encoded fluorescent sensors that selectively detect 2-AG and AEA,...
Ketamine and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) achieve rapid remission in treatment-resistant depression. However, their mechanisms of action—the understanding of which is essential for refining therapeutic precision—remain unclear1, 2–3. Here, using mouse models, we identify adenosine signalling as a central pathway that underlies the antidepressant effects of these interventions. Results from...