Objective Dysfunction of the default mode network (DMN) is strongly linked to pain processing, as well as onset and progression of chronic pain disorders; however, its specific role in the pathogenesis of tension-type headache (TTH) remains incompletely understood. This study aims to explore the network homogeneity (NH) of the DMN in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying TTH. Methods...
Kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa ) is a plant indigenous to Southeast Asia. This pilot study evaluated the pharmacodynamic (PD) effects, safety, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of kratom and several of its alkaloids. Recreational polydrug users (8 participants/cohort; 6 active: 2 placebo, N=40) completed the study. Participants had experience with opioids but were otherwise healthy. This study utilized a...