Consciousness is expressed across a spectrum of states, from shared sensory reality to deeply individuated, internally oriented experience. This paper develops a hypothesis for how consciousness may operate across this continuum. The central proposal is that beta and alpha oscillations support externally focused, intersubjective awareness through classical neural networks, whereas theta, delta,...
The concept of mind and consciousness has been central to both classical yogic philosophy and contemporary psychological science. The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali presents a systematic psychological framework centered around citta (mind-stuff), its modifications (vrittis), and the attainment of higher states of consciousness through disciplined practice. Modern psychology, particularly cognitive...
There is a debate about the “pure ego” that begins with Paul Natorp and Edmund Husserl and their methodological differences arising largely from the heritage of their predecessors. This article intends to show how the construction of this initial debate provides support for the development of a second one within the phenomenological tradition itself, in which Aron Gurwitsch questions the "pure...
This paper provides a comprehensive examination of the history of dream research in three fields: psychoanalysis, cognitive psychology and neuroscience. The evolution of theories is described in terms of historical periods. The first period spans from Freud’s “Dream Interpretation” in 1900 to the 1950s. The second period extends from the discovery of REM sleep in the 1950s to around the 1990s....
This paper explores the emergence of life through a comparative lens that brings Vedic–Upanishadic cosmology into dialogue with modern scientific theories of abiogenesis and consciousness. Classical texts such as the Chāndogya Upaniṣad describe creation as unfolding from Sat, “Existence alone-One without a second,” from which space, air, fire, water, and earth arise through conscious will and...
Nous avons conçu le POEBRA (Programme d’Optimisation de l’Estime de soi, de la Bienveillance et de la Réduction de l’Anxiété) comme modèle psychoéducatif d’apprentissage de la méditation visant à améliorer l’estime de soi, développer la bienveillance et réduire l’anxiété. Il repose sur l’idée que la méditation nécessite parfois une aide pédagogique pour dépasser les difficultés rencontrées dans...
India has long been recognized as a civilizational centre of knowledge, distinguished by its profound cultural heritage and enduring intellectual traditions, having deeply rooted foundations in the philosophical and epistemological insights of the Vedas and the Upanishads. The Upanishads are integral to the Indian knowledge system, embodying the essence of Jivan Darsana (the vision of life),...
With the iteration of general artificial intelligence technologies such as ChatGPT and brain-like robots, the question of "whether machines can generate consciousness" has become a core issue at the intersection of philosophy and science and technology. Existing studies mostly focus on Western analytical philosophy or functionalism paradigms, while ignoring the systematic interpretation of the...
Buddhism provides a comprehensive and detailed approach to human suffering and the wellbeing in general. Based on the teachings of Gautama Buddha, Buddhist philosophy focuses on compassion, mindfulness, and ethical living which are heavily congruous with the universally-recognized values of social work, such as social justice, dignity, service, and empowerment. Buddhism offers a philosophical...
Perceived sleep depth is a key determinant of subjective sleep quality, traditionally thought to reflect unconsciousness and reduced cortical activation. Here, we combined high-density EEG with a serial awakening paradigm during NREM2 (N2) sleep in healthy human participants to examine its neural and experiential correlates. As expected, deeper sleep was associated with reduced cortical...