Buddhist practice transformed the religious landscape in China, introducing new forms of mental cultivation and new ritual technologies within an altered cosmology of spiritual goals. Buddhist practice was carried out by individuals, but was equally as often a communal activity. A basic unit of religious practice was the family; Buddhist cultivation was also carried out by communities of...
Brain and BehaviorJune 22, 2018Tabea Kamp, Bettina Sorger, Caroline Benjamins et al.
Background: Linking individual task performance to preceding, regional brain activation is an ongoing goal of neuroscientific research. Recently, it could be shown that the activation and connectivity within large-scale brain networks prior to task onset influence performance levels. More specifically, prestimulus default mode network (DMN) effects have been linked to performance levels in...
This chapter introduces the major philosophical debate about the split-brain phenomenon. Split-brain surgery severs the major white matter fiber tract connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. A number of individuals who underwent this surgery later agreed to act as participants in experiments designed to reveal its psychobehavioral consequences. The basic finding is that, after they are...
The main goal of this chapter is to argue that accessibilism in epistemology is incompatible with vehicle externalism in the philosophy of mind (also known as “the extended mind thesis”). As we shall see, however, there are strong arguments for both of these positions. On the one hand, there is a compelling argument for vehicle externalism: the parity argument from Clark and Chalmers (1998). On...
This chapter identifies and highlights aspects of Buddhist thought that Zhu Xi appropriated and adapted to bolster and develop his philosophy of mind. The author argues that even though Zhu Xi repudiated the Buddhism he had been trained in as a youth, he continued to mirror many Buddhist doctrines as he responded to agendas already well-established in Buddhist circles. The chapter’s focus is...
According to one prominent view in contemporary epistemology, the correct application of one’s cognitive abilities in believing truly is necessary and sufficient for a kind of credit that is, in turn, necessary for knowledge. Epistemologists who hold this view typically take the cognitive abilities concerned to be based in states and processes that are spatially located inside the head of the...
이성을 순수의식과 동일시하는 철학의 고전적 정의는 문제가 많다. 우리는 정서는 물론 신체와 무의식도 이성에 포함시키면서 마음 개념을 확대해서 이해할 필요가 있다. 인간이 비합리적 행동을 하는 이유는 뇌가 의식 활동과 무의식적인 것 을 포괄하면서 신체적 기반 위에서 작동하기 때문이다. 그러므로 비합리성은 이성과 대립하는 것이 아니라 이성 자체에서 기인한다고 말해야 할 것이다. 프로이트가 말하는 자아의 방어 작용과 라캉의 상상계는 자아와 이성이 비합리적인 행동의 실 질적 원인이라는 것을 보여준다. 그러므로 비합리성과 합리성을 통일적으로 바라보면서 이성에 대해 새롭게 이해해야 한다. 뇌 과학은 무의식을 인간이 환경에 적응하고 살아갈 수 있도록 자동화되어 진화한 기억과 적응 시스템으로 규정한다. 하지 만...
We conducted an exploratory study of adult individual differences in the contents of mind-wandering experiences and in the moment-to-moment consistency of that off-task thought content within tasks. This secondary analysis of a published dataset (Kane et al., 2016) examined the content-based thought reports that 472-541 undergraduates made within five probed tasks across three sessions, and...
Abstract A mismatch between top-down expectations and incoming sensory information is thought to be associated with hallucinations across a range of neuropsychiatric disorders. In Parkinson’s disease with visual hallucinations, abnormal activity within the default network, and its pattern of connectivity with early visual regions, has been identified as a potential pathological source of the...
In this paper, a case is made that Buddhism is a system of education that is designed to transition humanity from egoic consciousness to post-egoic consciousness, which is also known as enlightenment. It is further argued that global world peace cannot be had if such transition is not made. Toward this transition, Buddhism is seen as making an essential contribution by providing us with...