: Mind and consciousness are regarded as phenomena that have been difficult to define and measure. Building on Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence (E = mc²), this paper proposes a theoretical framework in which consciousness, thought, and spiritual energy may be quantifiable through a novel equation, E = sc². Drawing on concepts from string theory, singularity physics, and prior theoretical work...
Buddhism teaches the concept and practice of developing the mind to achieve true happiness. This qualitative research, conducted through a literature review, examines the concept and practice of developing the mind in Buddhism. The data analysis technique used content analysis, selecting items that align with the research objectives. This research found that the concept of developing equanimity...
From Self-Consci̇ȯ usness to God Is Self-Consciousness a Mystery or an Argume rgument for the Existence of God? This study examines theories and arguments concerning self and consciousness within the framework of the philosophy of mind. Moreover, it proposes a new consciousness argument. In the first chapter, a conceptual analysis of the concepts of self and consciousness is provided,...
This integrative narrative review synthesizes findings from neuroscience, cognitive science, psychology, linguistics, philosophy, developmental science, and computational neuroscience to assess whether contemporary large language models (LLMs) meet established neuroscientific and cognitive criteria for consciousness. Specifically, we operationalize eight functional and structural markers:...
Abstract This article concerns a Hasidic homily describing a technique for lucid dream cultivation. The homily outlines a worldview in which fantasy and reality merge, and thoughts, both positive and negative, have real cosmic and personal consequences. To counter the allure of sexual fantasy, the homily recommends a form of Neoplatonic contemplation widely taught within early Hasidic circles....
This essay will articulate Zen&s;s understanding of time (and space). Its articulation starts with a description of Zen&s;s standpoint anchored in the practice called “Zazen” (i.e., a seated meditation). This treatment provides the essay with a platform for addressing an issue of how Zen sees things, which will pave a way to investigate Zen&s;s experiential foundation for its understanding of...
This paper deals with the impact of the extended mind thesis on relational egalitarianism: the now-dominant view on (the politically relevant form of) equality within contemporary political philosophy. If proponents of the extended mind thesis are right, I argue, persons have two core interests that arise from their relationships with elements of the external environment: an interest in an...
This dissertation aims to investigate several questions: 1) Are unconscious phenomena mental phenomena?2) What is the nature of unconscious mentation?3) What is the ontology of unconscious mental states?4) Is there unity in the unconscious mind?5) What is the relationship between conscious and unconscious mental processes?6) In what sense are unconscious mental states intentional?After briefly...
AbstractHow do we come to understand the nature of the thoughts that we and others have? And how do we come to have the conceptual resources needed to formulate such understanding? Many would say we understand the nature of thoughts simply by being subjectively aware of our own conscious thoughts. But it is unclear how consciousness could, on its own, provide the conceptual resources required...
Brain and BehaviorSeptember 1, 2025Maliheh Fallah, Hamidreza Mohajerani, Abdullah Omidi et al.
Internet addiction disorder (IAD) is increasingly recognized as a behavioral addiction linked to deficits in executive functioning, emotion regulation, boredom susceptibility, and impaired time perception. Emerging therapies such as body awareness psychotherapy (BAP) aim to improve cognitive and emotional self-regulation through embodied mindfulness. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness...