Biological Psychiatry
July 1, 2015
Peter Nagele, Andreas Duma, Michael Kopec et al.
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, such as ketamine, have rapid antidepressant effects in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). We hypothesized that nitrous oxide, an inhalational general anesthetic and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, may also be a rapidly acting treatment for TRD. In this blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial, 20 patients with TRD were...
June 1, 2015
A. Wiesner, Aleksandra Tyl, J. Zawilska
Abstract During the last decade, numerous new psychoactive substances have appeared on the illegal recreational drug market. One of them is methoxetamine, a structural analogue of ketamine. The increasing popularity of methoxetamine as a recreational drug may be attributed to its potent hallucinogenic and dissociative effects. Methoxetamine exerts a wide range of effects on the central and...
Clinical Toxicology
May 8, 2015
Anders Helander, O. Beck, Matilda Bäckberg
BACKGROUND: Diphenidine (1-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperidine) and its 2-methoxylated derivative methoxphenidine (MXP, 2-MeO-diphenidine) are substances with dissociative effects that were recently introduced for "recreational" purpose through the online-based sale of new psychoactive substances (NPS). A number of analytically confirmed non-fatal intoxications associated with diphenidine or MXP have...
Current Molecular Medicine
May 4, 2015
Yuta Ohgi, Takashi Futamura, Kenji Hashimoto
109 citations
Glutamate, a major excitatory neurotransmitter, plays important roles in synaptic plasticity, such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and new synapse formation. Growing evidence suggests that glutamate signaling is involved in the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BP). Postmortem brain studies demonstrated altered...
The British Journal of Psychiatry
May 1, 2015
Matthew M. Nour, Jacob Krzanowski
2 citations
Therapeutic potential of psychedelic agentsAmphetamine, methylphenidate, morphine, heroin and ketamine are all drugs that can potentially be used clinically but, whenever we hear the word MDMA, the first thoughts that come to mind are of ecstasy, rave parties and people behaving in an odd manner and experiencing hallucinations, paranoia and disinhibition.Recently, there has been a lot of...
Journal of Analytical Toxicology
February 19, 2015
Simon Elliott, Simon D. Brandt, Jason Wallach et al.
54 citations
2-Methoxydiphenidine, i.e. 1-[1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-phenylethyl]piperidine, also known as 'MXP' or '2-MeO-diphenidine' (or 2-MXP), has been available as a 'research chemical' since 2013 as a purported alternative to the 'dissociative anesthetics' methoxetamine and ketamine. Three deaths which involved the detection of 2-MXP in post-mortem blood and urine were encountered in forensic casework....
Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology
January 26, 2015
David Baumeister, Luis M. Tojo, Derek K. Tracy
158 citations
There has been growing clinical, public, and media awareness and concern about the availability and potential harmfulness of so-called ‘legal highs’, which are more appropriately called new or novel psychoactive substances (NPS). A cat-and-mouse process has emerged wherein unknown chemists and laboratories are producing new, and as yet nonproscribed, compounds for human consumption; and as soon...
Journal of Forensic Sciences
2015
Piotr Adamowicz, Dariusz Zuba
AbstractMethoxetamine (MXE) is a new synthetic drug of abuse structurally related to ketamine and phencyclidine. A case of a 29‐year‐old male with acute toxicity related to the analytically confirmed use of MXE is reported. The man was found dead at his residence. Biological material was analyzed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The concentration of MXE in urine of the...
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
2015
Marie Claire Van Hout, Evelyn Hearne
Methoxphenidine (MXP) was one of several NMDA antagonists marketed in 2013 to replace the recently controlled compound Methoxetamine (MXE). A steep rise in user interest was recorded, despite vendor cautioning of limited user feedback. The study presented a phenomenological analysis of MXP experiences amongst recreational drug users as posted on public Internet fora. Internet searches were...
International review of neurobiology
2015
Jenny Bearn, Matthew O'Brien
Eating, drinking, sexual activity, and parenting invoke pleasure, an emotion that promotes repetition of these behaviors, are essential for survival. Euphoria, a feeling or state of intense excitement and happiness, is an amplification of pleasure, aspired to one's essential biological needs that are satisfied. People use party drugs as a shortcut to euphoria. Ecstasy...