The Synergistic Contribution of Virtual Companionship to Mindfulness: Evidence from fNIRS-Based Physiological Measures
Qiqi Ouyang, Qinling Dai, Jilin Li, Chanyi Yang
Mindfulness August 20, 2026 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-026-02971-y (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Randomized controlled trial Preregistered Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 60 |
| Population | Healthy college students |
| Interventions | Virtual companionship Mindfulness breathing exercise |
| Duration | 20-minute session including a 5-minute guided mindfulness breathing exercise |
| Measures | Toronto Mindfulness Scale, fNIRS measures (oxygenated hemoglobin, functional connectivity, fALFF) |
| Topics | Meditation |
| Key findings | The virtual companionship group had higher post-test Toronto Mindfulness Scale scores than controls (F(1,58)=51.50, p<0.001, η²=0.47). All eight functional connections differed after FDR correction, with six higher and two lower in the virtual companionship group. fALFF was higher in Channel 23 but lower in Channels 46 and 60 in the virtual companionship group. |
Abstract
Abstract Objectives The present study employed functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to investigate the effects of virtual companionship on prefrontal cortical activation patterns during mindfulness practice, and to examine whether virtual companionship can enhance post-mindfulness psychophysiological states.
Method: Sixty healthy college students were recruited and randomly assigned to either the control group ( n = 30) or the experimental group ( n = 30). The experimental procedure lasted 20 min, with both groups completing a 5-min guided mindfulness breathing exercise. In the experimental group, an empathetically responsive virtual companion was presented concurrently during the practice. Changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) concentrations in the prefrontal cortex were measured using fNIRS, while mindfulness state was assessed using the Toronto Mindfulness Scale.
Results: The virtual companionship group showed higher post-test TMS scores than controls, F (1,58) = 51.50, p < 0.001, η 2 = 0.47. All eight functional connections differed significantly after FDR correction; six were higher and two lower in the virtual companionship group, with FPA_R–PSC_L showing the largest difference ( t = 2.90, FDR-p = 0.01). In the virtual companionship group, fALFF was higher in Channel 23 ( t (55) = − 2.38, p = 0.02) but lower in Channels 46 ( t (55) = 2.02, p = 0.05) and 60 ( t (55) = 2.05, p = 0.05).
Conclusions: This study provides fNIRS-based physiological evidence supporting the enhancing effects of virtual companionship on mindfulness and demonstrates that virtual companionship can effectively modulate mindfulness-induced patterns of local brain activation and global network integration. Preregistration This study was not preregistered.