Neurophysiological and autonomic patterns associated with heartfulness and bell meditation: a three-arm exploratory study.
Sushil Prasad Mahato, Manickam Anjaladevi, Abinash Roy, Pailoor Subramanya, Samiran Mondal
Frontiers in Psychology 2026 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1787149 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Randomized exploratory pilot study Peer reviewed |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 9 |
| Population | Healthy male university students |
| Interventions | Heartfulness meditation Bell meditation |
| Duration | 21 days (30 min per session, 5 days per week) |
| Topics | Meditation |
| Keywords | Bell meditation Brain–body integration Electroencephalography EEG Gamma amplitude Heart-rate variability hrv Heartfulness meditation Low-beta activity |
| Key points | Heartfulness meditation was associated with observed increases in gamma and low-beta activity, while bell meditation showed a small low-beta increase with minimal gamma change. |
Abstract
Meditation facilitates brain-body integration by synchronizing neural oscillations with autonomic rhythms. Nonetheless, the effects of heartfulness (heart-centered) and bell (sound-based) meditation on electroencephalography (EEG) and autonomic markers remain insufficiently explored. In this randomized, exploratory pilot study, nine healthy male university students were allocated to the heartfulness meditation group (HMG; n = 3), bell meditation group (BMG; n = 3), or control group (CG; n = 3) for 21 days (30 min per session, 5 days per week). Resting EEG gamma and low-beta activity (12-15 Hz), blood volume pulse (BVP)-derived heart rate (HR), and heart-rate variability (HRV) indices, including low-frequency percentage (LF%) and HRV amplitude, were recorded both pre- and post-intervention. The analyses were descriptive and summarized using Hedges' g and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The HMG exhibited exhibited observed increases in gamma and low-beta (g ≈ 1.0-2.3), the BMG demonstrated a very observed low-beta activity increase with a small gamma change, and the CG showed minimal change in both parameters. HR decreased across all groups, LF% declined in the HMG and BMG but increased in the CG, and HRV amplitude decreased in all groups. These preliminary observations indicate a potential trend toward neural-autonomic regulation, with heartfulness emphasizing attentional engagement and bell emphasizing relaxation. The limitations include the very small, male-only sample, brief duration, and reliance on BVP-derived HRV. Larger, adequately powered trials with more comprehensive EEG/HRV metrics and behavioral outcomes are required to confirm these findings.
Comparable studies
Other randomized controlled trials on meditation, most cited first.
| Study | Year | Design | Participants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alterations in Brain and Immune Function Produced by Mindfulness Meditation Healthy employees in a work environment | 2003 | Randomized controlled trial | n = 41 |
| Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Recovered recurrently depressed patients | 2000 | Randomized controlled trial | n = 145 |
| Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Working adults | 2008 | Randomized controlled trial | n = 139 |
| Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation Undergraduate Chinese students | 2007 | Randomized controlled trial | n = 40 |
| Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression: Replication and Exploration of Differential Relapse Prevention Effects. Recovered recurrently depressed patients | 2004 | Randomized controlled trial | n = 73 |
Citations in the library
Cites 15
- Heart rate variability during mindful breathing meditation Frontiers in Physiology January 23, 2023
- Heartfulness Meditation: A Yogic and Neuroscientific Perspective Frontiers in Psychology May 10, 2022
- Impact of Heartfulness meditation practice on anxiety, perceived stress, well-being, and telomere length. Frontiers in Psychology 2023
- The impact of meditation on sustained attention in nonclinical population: An extensive review. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine March 4, 2025
- Oscillating Mindfully: Using Machine Learning to Characterize Systems-Level Electrophysiological Activity During Focused Attention Meditation. Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science March 1, 2025
and 10 more in the library