Viscereality: Empirical Validation of a Bioresponsive Virtual-Reality Breathing Environment with Dynamic Particle-Driven Aesthetics to Improve Box Breathing and Modulate Altered States of Consciousness
George Fejer, Till Holzapfel, Anestis Lalidis Mateo, Taru Hirvonen, Johannes Blum, Michael Gaebler, Bigna Lenggenhager
PsyArXiv April 10, 2026 preprint DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/kh6ez_v1 (opens in new tab)
Study at a glance
AI-extracted from the abstract| Characteristics | Preregistered within-subjects experiment |
|---|---|
| Sample size | 39 |
| Population | Adult participants completing audio-guided box-breathing sessions in VR and control conditions |
| Intervention | audio-guided box breathing |
| Duration | Three 10-minute sessions per participant; no follow-up reported |
| Measures | altered states of consciousness questionnaire, temporal experience tracers, three pictographic self-related measures, breathing synchronization |
| Topics | Altered states of consciousness |
| Key findings | Brief bioresponsive VR breathing sessions improved breathing synchronization and shifted participants toward a more spatially extended self-reference relative to a black-screen control, with altered-state profiles showing strong perceptual, moderate positive, and weaker distressing effects. Perceptual and positive intensities were superficially comparable to 90-minute non-VR breathwork sessions, while negative effects were lower. The aesthetic symmetry manipulation had no effect on any outcome measure, and participants remained blind to it. |
Abstract
Breath-based interactions in virtual reality typically map breathing onto discrete visual objects or downstream physiological proxies. Viscereality takes a different approach, mapping lung volume onto a surrounding space composed of particles arranged in an orb enclosing the participant through interoceptive-exteroceptive sensory substitution, such that inhalation expands the environment outward and exhalation contracts it inward. The aesthetic texture of the particle field is controlled by coupled oscillators governing phase relationships among individual particles' animation cycles, making visual organisation an experimentally adjustable parameter independent of the respiratory mechanics. In a preregistered within-subjects study ($N = 39$), participants completed three 10-minute audio-guided box-breathing sessions in counterbalanced order: a high-symmetry VR condition in which oscillator coupling transiently aligned particles into geometric coherence during breath holds, an asymmetric VR condition in which coupling remained irregular throughout, and a black-screen control with only a minimal breathing performance indicator. Subjective experience was assessed with an altered states of consciousness questionnaire, temporal experience tracers, and three pictographic self-related measures. Relative to the black-screen control, VR conditions improved breathing synchronization, shifted participants toward a more spatially extended frame of self-reference, and produced altered-state profiles with strong perceptual effects, moderate positive effects, and weaker distressing effects. Despite lasting only 10 minutes, perceptual and positive effect intensities were superficially comparable to those reported in 90-minute facilitated breathwork sessions conducted without VR, while negative effects were lower. Temporal experience tracers converged with the retrospective questionnaire across all dimensions. Participants remained blind to the aesthetic symmetry manipulation, which also yielded no difference on any outcome measure. These results suggest that even a brief bioresponsive VR breathing session can meaningfully augment both breathing behavior and subjective experience, and may warrant further exploration as a complement to established breathwork practices.
Comparable studies
Other experimental studies on altered states of consciousness, most cited first.
| Study | Year | Design | Participants |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Standardized Psychometric Assessment of Altered States of Consciousness (ASCs) in Humans Healthy subjects in six countries | 1998 | Experimental and field study | n = 1,133 |
| TMS-EEG and resting-state EEG applied to altered states of consciousness: oscillations, complexity, and phenomenology. | 2023 | Experimental study | |
| A Test of the Psychedelic Model of Altered States of Consciousness | 1976 | Experimental study with comparison groups | |
| Neural Correlates of Non-ordinary States of Consciousness in Pranayama Practitioners: The Role of Slow Nasal Breathing Experienced meditators | 2022 | Within-subjects comparison | n = 12 |
| Increased spontaneous EEG signal diversity during stroboscopically-induced altered states of consciousness Healthy adults | 2019 | Experimental study |