Abstract Background Current gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) guidelines are optimized for binary outcomes (full masculinization or feminization), leaving a critical evidence gap for the growing population of non-binary and gender-diverse (NBGD) individuals who seek partial physical changes. These non-traditional therapeutic goals often necessitate the off-label use of low-dose,...
Patients with arginine vasopressin (AVP) deficiency (formerly central diabetes insipidus) often report social and emotional deficits and heightened anxiety. Growing evidence suggests that these symptoms may, at least partly, reflect concomitant OXT deficiency. OXT plays a key role in increasing empathy and improving emotion recognition. This analysis aimed to examine empathy and emotion...
Oxytocin (OXT) deficiency is a recently identified novel psycho-neuroendocrine entity associated with anxiety and reduced prosocial behavior. However, diagnosis and clinical progress have been hindered by challenges in reliably measuring OXT. Neurophysin I (NP-I), an equimolarly co-released cleavage product of the OXT precursor peptide, offers a promising alternative biomarker due to its...
In the last ten years the psychic actions of the drug D-lysergic acid diethylamide LSD-251, delysid (Sandoz Ltd, Basle)] have been extensively studied in man and other mammals. Little work, however, has been done on its action in lower Vertebrates. It was found that in fishes and amphibians the influence of LSD manifests itself in both behaviour- and colour-changes. Besides characteristic...