Article Summary While we may not always agree about what exactly aesthetics is, it should be uncontroversial to say aesthetics begins with perception. Whether it is characterised as a theory of beauty or a theory of art, beautiful things and things called art must be perceived. As so often noted, Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten described aesthetics as a science of sensuous cognition, scientia...
Panpsychism is the view that consciousness is a fundamental and ubiquitous feature of the natural world. In a standard form of the view, the fundamental constituents of the physical world – perhaps electrons and quarks – have incredibly basic forms of conscious experience, and the consciousness of a human or animal brain is derived from the consciousness of its most basic parts. The main...
Higher-order theories are theories of phenomenal consciousness. Phenomenal consciousness is the property of there being something that it is like for one to have an experience. Something that it is like from the point of view of the organism. According to the higher-order approach, an organism is phenomenally conscious just in case it has an appropriate kind of inner awareness of itself as...