Chemical Research in Toxicology
October 2006
Nuno Milhazes, Teresa Cunha-Oliveira, Pedro Martins et al.
The toxicological and redox profiles of MDMA and its major metabolites (MDA, alpha-methyldopamine, N-methyl-alpha-methyldopamine, 6-hydroxy-alpha-methyldopamine, 3-methoxy-alpha-methyldopamine) were studied to establish a structure-toxicity relationship and determine their individual contribution to cell death induction by apoptosis and/or necrosis. The results of the comparative toxicity...
Toxicology
August 5, 2004
Márcia Carvalho, Fernando Remião, Nuno Milhazes et al.
In the past decade, clinical evidence has increasingly shown that the liver is a target organ for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") toxicity. The aims of the present in vitro study were: (1) to evaluate and compare the hepatotoxic effects of MDMA and one of its main metabolites, N-methyl-alpha-methyldopamine (N-Me-alpha-MeDA) and (2) to investigate the ability of antioxidants,...
Chemical Research in Toxicology
April 27, 2004
Márcia Carvalho, Fernando Remião, Nuno Milhazes et al.
77 citations
Cardiovascular complications associated with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) abuse have increasingly been reported. The indirect effect of MDMA mediated by a sustained high level of circulating biogenic amines may contribute to the cardiotoxic effects, but other factors, like the direct toxic effects of MDMA and its metabolites in cardiac cells, remain to be investigated....
Archives of Toxicology
January 2004
Márcia Carvalho, Nuno Milhazes, Fernando Remião et al.
The amphetamine designer drugs 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or "ecstasy") and its N-demethylated analogue 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA or "love") have been extensively used as recreational drugs of abuse. MDA itself is a main MDMA metabolite. MDMA abuse in humans has been associated with numerous reports of hepatocellular damage. Although MDMA undergoes extensive hepatic...
Archives of Toxicology
October 2002
Márcia Carvalho, Gabrielle Hawksworth, Nuno Milhazes et al.
The metabolism of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) has recently been implicated in the mechanisms underlying ecstasy-induced neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. However, its potential role in ecstasy-induced kidney toxicity has yet to be investigated. Thus, primary cultures of rat and human renal proximal tubular cells (PTCs) were used to investigate the cytotoxicity induced by...