Major depressive disorder remains a leading cause of disability, and decades of monoamine-centered pharmacology have yielded delayed and often incomplete relief. Rapid-acting antidepressants reshaped the field by linking swift symptom improvement to glutamatergic plasticity, yet durable benefit depends on how newly reconfigured circuits are stabilized and tuned. This review synthesizes evidence...
Mindfulness meditation is increasingly used for clinical treatment and to improve well-being. One of the most fundamental benefits of mindfulness meditation is now considered as enhanced attentional control. Mindfulness meditation is a complex technique but most of its variants consist of a combination of two types of basic meditation practice: focused attention meditation (FAM) and open...
Psychotherapy is a comprehensive biological treatment modifying complex underlying cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and regulatory responses in the brain, leading patients with mental illness to a new interpretation of the sense of self and others. Psychotherapy is an art of science integrated with psychology and/or philosophy. Neurological science studies the neurological basis of cognition,...