Visual stimuli that are not consciously perceived can nevertheless guide the eyes. Yet, which stimulus aspects drive such oculomotor guidance by "invisible" images remains unclear. We tested whether image representations strengthened by congruent actions could guide the eyes even in the absence of visual awareness. Images of snapping fingers, tapping feet, and static noses were continuously...
To what extent is our perceptual experience influenced by higher cognitive phenomena like beliefs, desires, concepts, templates? Given recent arguments against the possibility of cognitive penetration, we present striking evidence against the impenetrability claims. The weak impenetrability claim cannot account for (1) extensive structural feedback organization of the brain, (2) temporally very...