Mindfulness-based programs (MBPs) show a small but significant benefit for cognitive performance, particularly for executive function and working memory, according to a meta-analysis of 56 randomized controlled trials involving 2,931 adults. The overall effect favoring MBPs over comparators was small (g = 0.15). Benefits were strongest for non-clinical samples and adults over 60, and when MBPs were compared to inactive controls rather than active ones. No significant effects were found for other cognitive domains. Most studies had unclear risk of bias, and some statistical results were unreliable. The findings partially support the idea that mindfulness practice can enhance certain cognitive abilities.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of 46 studies examined whether mindfulness-based programs improve cognitive performance across the adult lifespan. When combining healthy and clinical studies of working-age adults (18–65 years), there was no significant effect of mindfulness training on cognitive performance compared to control conditions. However, a small but significant positive effect was observed for older adults (over 65), including those with subjective or objective cognitive impairment. The cognitive domains most frequently measured were executive function and attention. The findings suggest that mindfulness-based programs may confer cognitive benefits primarily for older adults, with no evidence of benefit for younger populations.