Mindfulness meditation, a practice with deep roots in eastern traditions, has gained widespread public and scientific interest. Mindfulness is a natural state of present-moment awareness, and interventions have been developed to train this skill. This review discusses the concept of mindfulness and its use in treating psychiatric disorders. It identifies which patients benefit from mindfulness-based interventions and summarizes how they work, including cognitive, psychological, and neural mechanisms that drive clinical improvements. The review offers a foundation for incorporating these interventions into clinical practice.
Depression is linked to high levels of mind-wandering and low self-compassion. In a depressed sample, mind-wandering was associated with higher depressive symptoms only among those with low self-compassion. Self-compassion predicted improvement in depression. An eight-week Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) program increased self-compassion and reduced mind-wandering compared to a treatment-as-usual control group. Longitudinally, increases in mind-wandering were linked to increases in depressive symptoms only among those whose self-compassion decreased. Self-compassion can protect against the harmful effects of mind-wandering in depression, and MBCT effectively targets both protective and risk factors for depression.
Depressed individuals often struggle to suppress irrelevant mental sets, a cognitive deficit linked to the disorder. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) plus treatment-as-usual, compared to a wait-list plus treatment-as-usual control, led to significantly lower depression scores and greater improvements in the ability to suppress irrelevant mental sets. Improvements in mental-set suppression were associated with reductions in depression. This provides initial evidence that MBCT can enhance this cognitive function and that such enhancement relates to depressive symptom relief.