Sleep and dreaming are important daily phenomena that are receiving growing attention from both the scientific and the philosophical field. The increasingly popular predictive brain framework within cognitive science aims to give a full account of all aspects of cognition. The aim of this paper is to critically assess the theoretical advantages of Predictive Processing (PP, as proposed by Clark...
The continuity hypothesis (1) posits that there is continuity, of some form, between waking and dreaming mentation. A recent body of work has provided convincing evidence for different aspects of continuity, for instance that some salient experiences from waking life seem to feature in dreams over others, with a particular role for emotional arousal as accompanying these experiences, both...
Cannabinoids are derivatives that are either compounds occurring naturally in the plant, Cannabis sativa or synthetic analogs of these molecules. The first and most widely investigated of the cannabinoids is Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), which is the main psychotropic constituent of cannabis and undergoes significant binding to cannabinoid receptors. These cannabinoid receptors are...
Buddhist Philosophy of Mind Gereon Kopf Welcome to the third issue of the Journal of Buddhist Philosophy. As it has been our practice, this issue contains a special issue on Buddhist psychology graciously guest edited by Christian Coseru, philosophical reflections on the purpose of Buddhist philosophy, peer-reviewed essays on a variety of topics, and reviews of recent publications in our field....
Nightly transitions into sleep are usually uneventful and transpire in the blink of an eye. But in the laboratory these transitions afford a unique view of how experience is transformed from the perceptually grounded consciousness of wakefulness to the hallucinatory simulations of dreaming. The present review considers imagery in the sleep-onset transition-"microdreams" in particular-as an...
The science of dreaming constitutes a relevant topic in modern-day neuroscientific research and provides major insights into the study of human consciousness. Linking specific, universal, and regularly occurring stages of sleep with dreaming encourages the direct and systematic investigation of a topic that has fascinated humankind for centuries. In this review, we explore to what extent...
The posthypnotic command is issued in deep hypnosis when a subject's brainwaves are in theta mode of 4-7 cycles per second.This is the same frequency that the dream state features.It suggests that dreaming and deep hypnosis are equivalent states.The word hypnosis, meaning a condition of sleep, suggests that the ancients understood this equivalence.When a subject in deep hypnosis is commanded to...
Traditionally, neuropsychology has focused on identifying the brain mechanisms of specific psychological processes, such as attention, motor skills, perception, memory, language, and consciousness, as well as their corresponding disorders. However, there are psychological processes that have received little attention in this field, such as dreaming. This study examined the clinical and...
Consciousness is often said to disappear in deep, dreamless sleep. We argue that this assumption is oversimplified. Unless dreamless sleep is defined as unconscious from the outset there are good empirical and theoretical reasons for saying that a range of different types of sleep experience, some of which are distinct from dreaming, can occur in all stages of sleep. We introduce a novel...
Isolated sleep paralysis involves the juxtaposition of certain aspects of REM sleep (e.g., muscle atonia, dream activity) with waking consciousness. It is a terrifying phenomenon that has played an important role in many supernatural and folkloric beliefs. Isolated sleep paralysis is also a surprisingly common phenomenon in the general population, with higher rates found among students and...