Synthetic cannabinoids are the most widespread class of novel psychoactive substances, yet their health risks are often unknown to users and health professionals. This review synthesizes recent insights on the pharmacology, clinical, and psychopathological aspects of synthetic cannabinoids. A structured search of PubMed and Scopus yielded 162 relevant results, mainly epidemiological, forensic, toxicologic, or analytical. Fifteen synthetic cannabinoid-related fatality cases were reviewed. The findings confirm the need for prompt, reliable information for health professionals, along with more specific analytic techniques and preventive strategies to address the synthetic cannabinoid challenge.
Zolpidem, a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic used for insomnia, is frequently linked to serious neuropsychiatric adverse effects such as hallucinations, perceptual disturbances, and complex sleep-related behaviors (e.g., sleep-driving and sleep-eating), especially at high doses and in patients with psychiatric comorbidities. Newer hypnotics, such as orexin receptor antagonists, are less associated with these effects, while melatonin-based therapies have better safety profiles but lower efficacy. The review emphasizes careful risk-benefit evaluation when prescribing zolpidem, particularly for women, the elderly, psychiatric patients, and those on multiple medications.