Abstract Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating disorder with limited pharmaceutical treatment options. Ketamine, a noncompetitive N ‐methyl‐ d ‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist with rapid‐onset effects, has emerged as a potential treatment, particularly for patients who do not respond to first‐line therapies. This systematic review synthesizes the current evidence on the...
Aim: To assess the effectiveness of ketamine-based treatment for adults with treatment-resistant depression in terms of the persistence of antidepressant responses or remission after treatment discontinuation. Data Sources: PubMed/MEDLINE database search was performed to select randomized clinical trials that assessed the effect of ketamine interventions on TRD in adults. Study Selection: The...
Quality in SportSeptember 17, 2026Maciej Krzysztof Kisielewski, Natalia Fidut, Jakub Skrzypek et al.
Introduction and objective: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous psychiatric condition characterized by affective, cognitive and somatic symptoms that considerably impair daily functioning. It is defined clinically by prolonged low mood, diminished interest or pleasure, and a range of associated disturbances, including changes in cognitive skills, appetite, and sleep patterns....
Abstract Background Ketamine produces rapid antidepressant and anti-anhedonic effects in treatment-resistant depression, but response is heterogeneous and mechanisms at the circuit level remain incompletely defined. Convergent imaging work implicates anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and reward-related networks as key loci for ketamine’s therapeutic and...
Abstract Background Ketamine has rapid antidepressant and anti-suicidal effects in treatment-resistant depression (TRD), but optimal implementation, route selection, and longer-term maintenance strategies remain areas of active clinical development. At the Maudsley Advanced Treatment Service (MATS), ketamine and esketamine are delivered within a specialist governance framework, using multiple...
Objectives Ketamine and esketamine are increasingly used for treatment-resistant depressive disorders, particularly when rapid symptom reduction is clinically desirable. Intranasal esketamine has a product-specific regulatory framework in several jurisdictions, whereas most racemic ketamine formulations remain off-label for psychiatric indications. This narrative review provides practical...
Abstract Background Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective but underutilized treatment for depression that does not respond to antidepressants. Mild to moderate cognitive impairment is a common side effect, but usually resolves within a few hours. Aims & Objectives The main goal is a description of a patient who developed delirium after the sixth application of ECT. Method Using ECT...
Psychopharmacology, once propelled by a series of serendipitous mid-20th-century discoveries, has matured into a field defined by mechanistic diversity, translational neuroscience, and an expanding array of circuit-based interventions. Despite more than 100 approved psychiatric drugs, remission rates for major depressive disorder and other serious mental disorders remain modest, underscoring...
Abstract Background Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) represents a major clinical challenge and is associated with substantial symptom burden, functional impairment, and poor prognosis. Beyond traditional monoaminergic models, converging evidence indicates that dysfunction of the glutamatergic system plays a central role in the pathophysiology of TRD, contributing to impaired neuroplasticity...
Abstract Background Use of intravenous ketamine or intranasal esketamine for depression is frequently limited due to resource requirements and cost. Alternative treatment models have used oral, sublingual or intranasal racemic ketamine, but optimal doses and frequency of administration remain unclear. Dosing modelled from the standard 0.5-1.0mg/kg twice weekly IV ketamine result in transient...